Night World : Black Dawn Chapter 14

Maggie woke up slowly and almost luxuriously. She wasn't freezing. She wasn't aching or weakwith hunger. And she had an unreasonable feeling of safety. Then she sat up and the safe feeling disappeared. She was in Laundress's hut of earth bricks.Jeanne and P.J. were there, but Cady had been taken to another hut to be treated. Laundress hadstayed all night with her, and Maggie had no ideaif she was getting better or not. The frightened girl called Soaker brought them breakfast, but couldonly say that Cady was still asleep. Breakfast was the same as dinner last night hadbeen: a sort of thick oatmeal sweetened with huckle berries. Maggie ate it gratefully. It was good-atleast to somebodyas hungry as she was. â€Å"We're lucky to have it,† Jeanne said, stretching.She and P.J. were sitting opposite Maggie on thebare earth of the floor, eating with their fingers. They all were wearing the coarse, scratchy tunicsand loose leggings of slaves, and Maggie kept goinginto spasms of twitching when the material made her itch somewhere she couldn't reach. Maggie'sclothes, including her precious socks, were hiddenat the back of the hut. â€Å"They don't grow much grain or vegetable stuff,† Jeanne was saying. â€Å"And of course slaves don't getto eat any meat. Only the vampires and the shapeshifters get to eat blood or flesh.† P.J. shivered, hunching up her thin shoulders. â€Å"When you say it like that, it makes me not wantto eat it.† Jeanne gave a sharp-toothed grin. â€Å"They're afraidit would make the slaves too strong. Everythinghere's designed for that. Maybe you noticed, there'snot much in the slave quarters made of wood.† Maggie blinked. She hadnoticed that vaguely, atthe back of her mind. The huts were made of bricks, with hard-packeddirtfloors. And there wereno wooden tools like rakes or brooms lying around. â€Å"But what do they burn?† she asked, looking atthe small stone hearth built right on the floor ofthe hut. There was a hole in the roof above to letsmoke out. â€Å"Charcoaled wood, cut in little pieces. They makeit out in the forest in charcoal pits, and it's strictly regulated. Everybody only gets so much. If they find a slave with extra wood, they execute 'em.† â€Å"Because wood kills vampires,† Maggie said. Jeanne nodded. â€Å"And silverkills shapeshifters.Slaves are forbidden to have silver, too-not thatany of them are likely to get hold of any.† P.J. was looking out the small window of the hut.There was no glass in it, and last night it had been stuffed with sacking against the cold air. â€Å"If slaves can't eat meat, what are those?† she asked. Maggie leaned to look. Outside two big calves were tethered to iron pickets. There were also a dozen trussed-up chickens and a pig in a pen madeof rope. â€Å"Those are for Night People,† Jeanne said. â€Å"The shapeshifters and witches eat regular food – and sodo the vampires, when they want to. It looks likethey're going to have a feast they don t bring theanimals here until they're ready to slaughter.† P.J.'s face was troubled. â€Å"I feel sorry for them,† she said softly. â€Å"Yeah, well, there are worse things than beinghit over the head,† Jeanne said. â€Å"See those cagesjust beyond the pig? That's where the exotics are ?tigers and things they bring in to hunt. That's a bad way to die.† Maggie felt ice down her spine. â€Å"Let's hope wenever have to find out – 2†² she was beginning, whena flash of movement outside caught her eye. â€Å"Get down!† she said sharply, and ducked out of ?line of sight of the window. Then, very carefully, with her body tense, she edged up to the opensquare again and peered out. â€Å"What is it?† Jeanne hissed. P.J. just cowered on thefloor, breathing quickly. Maggie whispered, â€Å"Sylvia.† Twofigures had appeared, walking through the back courtyard and talkingasthey went. Sylvia and Gavin. Sylvia's gown today was misty leaf green,and her hair rippled in shimmering waves over her shoulders. She looked beautiful and graceful andfragile. â€Å"Are they coming here?† Jeanne breathed. Maggie shook a hand-held low to the groundtoward her to be quiet. She was afraid of the samething. If the Night People began a systematic search of the huts, they were lost. But instead, Sylvia turned toward the cages thatheld the exotics. She seemed to be looking at the animals, occasionally turning to make a remarkto Gavin. â€Å"Now, what's she up to?† a voice murmured by Maggie's ear. Jeanne had crept up beside her. â€Å"I don't know. Nothing good,† Maggie whispered. â€Å"They must be planning a hunt,† Jeanne saidgrimly. â€Å"That's bad. I heard they were going to doa big one when Delos came to an agreement withHunter Redfern.† Maggie drew in her breath. Had things gone thatfar already? It meant she didn't have much timeleft. Outside, she could see Sylvia shaking her head,then moving on to the pens and tethers holding the domestic animals. â€Å"Get back,† Maggie whispered, ducking down.But Sylvia never looked at the hut. She made some remark while looking at the calves and smiling.Then she and Gavin turned and strolled backthrough the kitchen garden. Maggie watched until they were out of sight, chewing her lip. Then she looked at Jeanne. â€Å"I think we'd better go see Laundress.† The hut Jeanne led her to was a little bigger thanthe others and had what Maggie knew by now was an amazing luxury: two rooms. Cady was in thetiny room-hardly bigger than an alcove-in back. And she was looking better. Maggie saw it immediately. The clammy, feverish look was gone and so were the blue-black shadows under her eyes. Herbreathing was deep and regular and her lashes lay heavy and still on her smooth cheeks. â€Å"Is she going to be all right?† Maggie asked Laundress eagerly. The gaunt woman was sponging Cady's cheekswith a cloth. Maggie was Surprised at how tenderthe big red-knuckled hands could be. â€Å"She'll liveaslongasany of us,† Laundress said grimly, and Jeanne gave a wry snort. Even Maggie felt her lip twitch. She was beginning to like this woman. In fact, if Jeanne and Laundress were examples, the slaves here had a courage and a blackhumor that she couldn't help but admire. â€Å"I had a daughter,† Laundress said. â€Å"She wasabout this one's age, but she had that one's coloring.† She nodded slightly atP.J.,who clutched atthe baseball cap stashed inside her tunic and smiled. Maggie hesitated, then asked. â€Å"What happenedto her?† â€Å"One of the nobles saw her and liked her,† Laundress said. She wrung out the cloth and put itdown, then stood briskly. When she saw Maggiestill looking at her, she added,asif she were talkingabout the weather, â€Å"He was a shapeshifter, a wolfnamed Autolykos. He bit her and passed his curse on to her, but then he got tired of her. One nighthe made her run and hunted her down.† Maggie's knees felt weak. She couldn't think ofanything to say that wouldn't be colossally stupid,so she didn't say anything. P.J. did. â€Å"I'm sorry,† she said in a husky little voice, and she put her small hand in Laundress'srough one. Laundress touched the top of the shaggy blondheadasif she were touching an angel. â€Å"Urn, can I talk to her? Cady?† Maggie asked,blinking fast and clearing her throat. Laundress looked at her sharply. â€Å"No. You won'tbe able to wake her up. I had to give her strong medicine to fight off what they'd given her. Youknow how the potion works.† Maggie shook her head. â€Å"What potion?† â€Å"They gave her calamus and bloodwort-andother things. It was a truth potion.† â€Å"You mean they wanted to get information outof her?† Laundress only dignified that with a bare nod foran answer. â€Å"But I wonder why?† Maggie looked at Jeanne,who shrugged. â€Å"She's a witch from Outside. Maybe they thoughtshe knew something.† Maggie considered another minute, then gave itup. She would just have to ask Cady when Cadywas awake. â€Å"There was another reason I wanted to see you,†she said to Laundress, who was now briskly cleaning up the room. â€Å"Actually, a couple of reasons. Iwanted to ask you about this.† She reached inside her slave tunic and pulled outthe photo of Miles that she'd taken from her jacketlast night. â€Å"Have you seen him?† Laundress took the picture between a callusedthumb and forefinger and looked at it warily.†Wonderfully small painting,† she said. â€Å"It's called a photograph. It's not exactlypainted.† Maggie was watching the woman's face,afraid to hope. There was no sign of recognition. â€Å"He's related toyou,† Laundress said, holding the photo to Maggie. â€Å"He's my brother. From Outside, you know? Andhis girlfriend was Sylvia Weald. He disappeared last week.† â€Å"Witch Sylvia!† a cracked, shaky voice said. Maggie looked up fast. There was an old womanin the doorway, a tiny, wizened creature with thin white hair and a face exactly like one of the driedapple dolls Maggie had seen at fairs. â€Å"This is Old Mender,† Jeanne said. â€Å"She sews uptorn clothes, you know? And she's the other healing woman.† â€Å"So this is the Deliverer,† the cracked voice said, and the woman shuffled closer, peering at Maggie.†She looks like an ordinary girl, until youseethe eyes.† Maggie blinked.-Oh-thanks,-she said. Secretlyshe thought that Old Mender herself looked morelike a witch than anyone she'd ever seen in her life. But there was bright intelligence in the old wom-. an's birdlike gaze and her little smile was sweet. â€Å"Witch Sylvia came to the castle a week ago,† shetold Maggie, her head on one side. â€Å"She didn't have any boy with her, but she was talking about a boy.My grand-nephew Currier heard her. She was telling Prince Delos how she'd chosen a human for aplaything, and she'd tried to bring him to the castlefor Samhain. But the boy did something-turnedon her somehow. And so she had to punish him,and that had delayed her.† Maggie's heart was beating in her ears. â€Å"Punishhim,† she began, and then she said, â€Å"What'sSamhain?† â€Å"Halloween,† Jeanne said. â€Å"The witches here normally have a big celebration at midnight.† Halloween. All right. Maggie's mind was whirringdesperately, ticking over this new information. Sonow she knew for certain that Sylvia hadgone Ink ing on Halloween with Miles, just as she'd told thesheriffs and rangers. Or maybe they'd been driving, if Jeanne's story about a mysterious pass that onlyNight People could see was true. But anyway they'dbeen coming here, to the Dark Kingdom. Andsomething had delayed them. Miles had done something that made Sylvia terribly angry and changed her mind about taking him to the castle. And made her†¦punish him. In some way thatMaggie wasn't supposed to be able to guess. Maybe she just killed him after all, Maggiethought, with an awful sinking in her stomach. Shecould have shoved him off a cliff easily. Whatevershe did, he never made it here-right? â€Å"So there isn't any human boy in the dungeon oranything?† she asked, looking at Laundress andthen Mender. But she knew the answer before theyshook their heads. Nobody recognizes him. He can't be here. Maggie felt her shoulders slump. But althoughshe was discouraged and heartsick, she wasn't defeated. What she felt instead was a hard little burning like a coal in her chest. She wanted more than ever to grab Sylvia and shake the truth out of her. At the very least, if nothing else, I'm going to findout how he died. Because that's important. Funny how it didn't seem impossible anymorethat Miles was dead. Maggie had learned a lot since coming to this valley. People got hurt and died andhad other awful things happen to them, and thatwas that. The ones left alive had to find some wayof going on. But not of forgetting. â€Å"You said you had two reasons for coming to seeme,† Laundress prompted. She was standing with her big hands on her hips, her gaunt body erectand looking just slightly impatient. â€Å"Have you comeup with a plan, Deliverer?† â€Å"Well-sort of. Not exactly a planso much as well, I guess it's a plan.† Maggie floundered, tryingto explain herself. The truth was that she'd come up with the most basic plan of all. To go see Delos. That was it. The simplest, most direct solution.She was going to get him alone and talk to him.Use the weird connection between them if she hadto. Pound some sort of understanding into histhick head. And put her life on the line to back up her words. Jeanne thought the slaves were going to be killedwhen Hunter Redfern and Delos made their deal. Maggie was a slave now. If the other slaves werekilled, Maggie would be with them. And you're betting that he'll care,a nasty littlevoice in her brain whispered. But you don't reallyknow that. He keeps threatening to kill you himself. He specifically warned you not to come to thecastle. Well, anyway, we're going to find out, Maggie told the little voice. And if I can't convince him, I'llhave to do something more violent. â€Å"I need to get into the castle,† she said to Laundress. â€Å"Not just into the kitchen, you know, but theother rooms-wherever I might be able to findPrince Delos alone.† â€Å"Alone? You won't find him alone anywhere buthis bedchamber.† â€Å"Well, then, I have to go there.† Laundress was watching her narrowly. â€Å"Is it assassination you've got in mind? Because I knowsomeone who has a piece of wood.† â€Å"It†¦ .† Maggie stopped and took a breath. â€Å"I really hope it isn't going to come to that. Butmaybe I'd better take the wood, just in case.† And you'd better hope for a miracle, the nastyvoice in her mind said. Because how else are yougoing to overpower him? Jeanne was rubbing her forehead. When shespoke, Maggie knew she'd been thinking along thesame lines. â€Å"Look, dummy, are you sure this is agood idea? I mean, he's-â€Å" â€Å"A Night Person,† Maggie supplied.†And you're=' â€Å"Just an ordinary human.† â€Å"She's the Deliverer,† P.J. said stoutly, and Maggie paused to smile at her. Then she turned back to Jeanne. â€Å"I don't knowif it's a good idea, but it's my only idea. And I knowit's dangerous, but I have to do it.† She looked awkwardly at Laundress and Old Mender. â€Å"The truthis that it's not just about you people here. If whatJeanne told you about Hunter Redfern is right,then the whole human world is in trouble.† â€Å"Oh, the prophecies,† Old Mender said, and cackled. â€Å"You know them, too?† â€Å"We slaves hear everything.† Old Mender smiled and nodded. â€Å"Especially when it concerns our own prince. I remember when he was little-I was theQueen's seamstress then, before she died. Hismother knew the prophecies, and she said, ‘In blue fire, the final darkness is banished.In blood, the final price is paid.† Blood, Maggie thought. She knew that blood hadto run before Delos could use the blue fire, butthis sounded as if it were talking about something darker. Whose blood? she wondered. â€Å"And the final darkness is the end of the world,right?† she said. â€Å"So you can see how important itis for me to change Delos's mind. Not just for theslaves, but for all humans.† She looked at Jeanne asshe spoke. Laundress and Old Mender didn't knowanything about the world Outside, but Jeanne did. Jeanne gave a sort of grudging nod, to say that, yeah, putting off the end of the world was important. â€Å"Okay, so we have to try it. We'd better findout which slaves are allowed in his room, and thenwe can go up and hide. The big chambers havewardrobes, right?† She was looking at Old Mender,who nodded. â€Å"We can stay in one of those-â€Å" â€Å"That's a good idea,† Maggie interrupted. â€Å"Everything but the we. You can't go with me this time.This is something I have to do alone.† Jeanne gave an indignant wriggle of her shoulders. Her red hair seemed to stand up in protest and her eyes were sparking. â€Å"That's ridiculous. Ican help. There's noreason† â€Å"There is, too, a reason,† Maggie said. â€Å"It's too dangerous. Whoever goes there might get killedtoday. If you stay here, you may at least have afew more days.† When Jeanne opened her mouthto protest, she went on, â€Å"Days to try and figure outa new plan, okay? Which will probably be just as dangerous. And, besides, I'd like somebody towatch over P.J. and Cady for as longaspossible.† She gave P.J. a smile, and P.J. lifted her head resolutely, obviously trying to stop her chin fromquivering.,., Ido need to do it alone,† Maggie said gently, turning back to Jeanne. Somewhere in herown mind, she was standing back, astonished. Whowould have ever thought, when she first met Jeannein the cart, that she would end up having to talkher out of trying to get killed with Maggie? Jeanne blew air out pursed lips, her eyes narrowed. Finally she nodded. â€Å"Fine, fine. You go conquer the vampire and Illstay and arrange the revolution.† â€Å"I bet you will,† Maggie said dryly. For a momenttheir eyes met, and it was like that first time, whenan unspoken bond had formed between them. â€Å"Try to take care of yourself. You're not exactlythe smartest, you know,† Jeanne said. Her voice was a little rough and her eyes were oddly shiny. â€Å"I know,† Maggie said. The next moment Jeanne sniffed and cheered up.†I just thought of who's allowed up into the bedrooms in the morning,† she said. â€Å"You can helpher, and shell lead you to Delos's room.† Maggie looked at her suspiciously. â€Å"Why are youso happy about it? Who is it?† â€Å"Oh, you'll like her. She's called Chamber-potEmptier.†

Econometrics Chapter Summaries Essay

2) Basic Ideas of Linear Regression: The Two-Variable Model In this chapter we introduced some fundamental ideas of regression analysis. Starting with the key concept of the population regression function (PRF), we developed the concept of linear PRF. This book is primarily concerned with linear PRFs, that is, regressions that are linear in the parameters regardless of whether or not they are linear in the variables. We then introduced the idea of the stochastic PRF and discussed in detail the nature and role of the stochastic error term u. PRF is, of course, a theoretical or idealized construct because, in practice, all we have is a sample(s) from some population. This necessitated the discussion of the sample regression function (SRF). We then considered the question of how we actually go about obtaining the SRF. Here we discussed the popular method of ordinary least squares (OLS) and presented the appropriate formulas to estimate the parameters of the PRF. We illustrated the OLS method with a fully worked-out numerical example as well as with several practical examples. Our next task is to find out how good the SRF obtained by OLS is as an estimator of the true PRF. We undertake this important task in Chapter 3. 3) The Two-Variable Model: Hypothesis Testing In Chapter 2 we showed how to estimate the parameters of the two-variable linear regression model. In this chapter we showed how the estimated model can be used for the purpose of drawing inferences about the true population regression model. Although the two-variable model is the simplest possible linear regression model, the ideas introduced in these two chapters are the foundation of the more involved multiple regression models that we will discuss in ensuing chapters. As we will see, in many ways the multiple regression model is a straightforward extension of the two-variable model. 4) Multiple Regression: Estimation and Hypothesis Testing In this chapter we considered the simplest of the multiple regression models, namely, the three-variable linear regression model—one dependent variable and two explanatory variables. Although in many ways a straightforward extension of the two-variable linear regression model, the three-variable model introduced several new concepts, such as partial regression coefficients, adjusted and unadjusted multiple coefficient of determination,  and multicollinearity. Insofar as estimation of the parameters of the multiple regression coefficients is concerned, we still worked within the framework of the classical linear regression model and used the method of ordinary least squares (OLS). The OLS estimators of multiple regression, like the two-variable model, possess several desirable statistical properties summed up in the Gauss-Markov property of best linear unbiased estimators (BLUE). With the assumption that the disturbance term follows the normal distribution with zero mean and constant variance ÏÆ'2, we saw that, as in the two-variable case, each estimated coefficient in the multiple regression follows the normal distribution with a mean equal to the true population value and the variances given by the formulas developed in the text. Unfortunately, in practice, ÏÆ'2 is not known and has to be estimated. The OLS estimator of this unknown variance is . But if we replace ÏÆ'2 by , then, as in the two-variable case, each estimated coefficient of the multiple regression follows the t distribution, not the normal distribution. The knowledge that each multiple regression coefficient follows the t distribution with d.f. equal to (n – k), where k is the number of parameters estimated (including the intercept), means we can use the t distribution to test statistical hypotheses about each multiple regression coefficient individually. This can be done on the basis of either the t test of significance or the confidence interval based on the t distribution. In this respect, the multiple regression model does not differ much from the two-variable model, except that proper allowance must be made for the d.f., which now depend on the number of parameters estimated. However, when testing the hypothesis that all partial slope coefficients are simultaneously equal to zero, the individual t testing referred to earlier is of no help. Here we should use the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique and the attendant F test. Incidentally, testing that all partial slope coefficients are simultaneously equal to zero is the same as testing that the multiple coefficient of determination R2 is equal to zero. Therefore, the F test can also be used to test this latter but equivalent hypothesis. We also discussed the question of when to add a variable or a group of variables to a model, using either the t test or the F test. In this context we also discussed the method of restricted least squares. 5) Functional Forms of Regression Models In this chapter we considered models that are linear in parameters, or that can be rendered as such with suitable transformation, but that are not necessarily linear in variables. There are a variety of such models, each having special applications. We considered five major types of nonlinear-in-variable but linear-in-parameter models, namely: 1.The log-linear model, in which both the dependent variable and the explanatory variable are in logarithmic form. 2.The log-lin or growth model, in which the dependent variable is logarithmic but the independent variable is linear. 3.The lin-log model, in which the dependent variable is linear but the independent variable is logarithmic. 4.The reciprocal model, in which the dependent variable is linear but the independent variable is not. 5.The polynominal model, in which the independent variable enters with various powers. Of course, there is nothing that prevents us from combining the features of one or more of these models. Thus, we can have a multiple regression model in which the dependent variable is in log form and some of the X variables are also in log form, but some are in linear form. We studied the properties of these various models in terms of their relevance in applied research, their slope coefficients, and their elasticity coefficients. We also showed with several examples the situations in which the various models could be used. Needless to say, we will come across several more examples in the remainder of the text. In this chapter we also considered the regression-through-the-origin model and discussed some of its features. It cannot be overemphasized that in choosing among the competing models, the overriding objective should be the economic relevance of the various models and not merely the summary statistics, such as R2. Model building requires a proper balance of theory, availability of the appropriate data, a good understanding of the statistical properties of the various models, and the elusive quality that is called practical judgment. Since the theory underlying a topic of interest is never perfect, there is no such thing as a perfect model. What we hope for is a reasonably good model that will balance all these criteria. Whatever model is chosen in practice, we have to pay careful attention to the units in which the dependent and independent variables are expressed, for the interpretation of regression coefficients may hinge upon units of  measurement. 6) Dummy Variable Regression Models In this chapter we showed how qualitative, or dummy, variables taking values of 1 and 0 can be introduced into regression models alongside quantitative variables. As the various examples in the chapter showed, the dummy variables are essentially a data-classifying device in that they divide a sample into various subgroups based on qualities or attributes (sex, marital status, race, religion, etc.) and implicitly run individual regressions for each subgroup. Now if there are differences in the responses of the dependent variable to the variation in the quantitative variables in the various subgroups, they will be reflected in the differences in the intercepts or slope coefficients of the various subgroups, or both. Although it is a versatile tool, the dummy variable technique has to be handled carefully. First, if the regression model contains a constant term (as most models usually do), the number of dummy variables must be one less than the number of classifications of each qualitat ive variable. Second, the coefficient attached to the dummy variables must always be interpreted in relation to the control, or benchmark, group—the group that gets the value of zero. Finally, if a model has several qualitative variables with several classes, introduction of dummy variables can consume a large number of degrees of freedom (d.f.). Therefore, we should weigh the number of dummy variables to be introduced into the model against the total number of observations in the sample. In this chapter we also discussed the possibility of committing a specification error, that is, of fitting the wrong model to the data. If intercepts as well as slopes are expected to differ among groups, we should build a model that incorporates both the differential intercept and slope dummies. In this case a model that introduces only the differential intercepts is likely to lead to a specification error. Of course, it is not always easy a priori to find out which is the true model. Thus, some amount of experimentation is required in a concrete study, especially in situations where theory does not provide much guidance. The topic of specification error is discussed further in Chapter 7. In this chapter we also briefly discussed the linear probability model (LPM) in which the dependent variable is itself binary. Although LPM  can be estimated by ordinary least square (OLS), there are several problems with a routine application of OLS. Some of the problems can be resolved easily and some cannot. Therefore, alternative estimating procedures are needed. We mentioned two such alternatives, the logit and probit models, but we did not discuss them in view of the somewhat advanced nature of these models (but see Chapter 12). 7) Model Selection: Criteria and Tests The major points discussed in this chapter can be summarized as follows: 1.The classical linear regression model assumes that the model used in empirical analysis is â€Å"correctly specified.† 2.The term correct specification of a model can mean several things, including: a.No theoretically relevant variable has been excluded from the model. b.No unnecessary or irrelevant variables are included in the model. c.The functional form of the model is correct. d.There are no errors of measurement. 3.If a theoretically relevant variable(s) has been excluded from the model, the coefficients of the variables retained in the model are generally biased as well as inconsistent, and the error variance and the standard errors of the OLS estimators are biased. As a result, the conventional t and F tests remain of questionable value. 4.Similar consequences ensue if we use the wrong functional form. 5.The consequences of including irrelevant variables(s) in the model are less serious in that estimated coefficients still remain unbiased and consistent, the error variance and standard errors of the estimators are correctly estimated, and the conventional hypothesis-testing procedure is still valid. The major penalty we pay is that estimated standard errors tend to be relatively large, which means parameters of the model are estimated rather imprecisely. As a result, confidence intervals tend to be somewhat wider. 6.In view of the potential seriousness of specification errors, in this chapter we considered several diagnostic tools to help us find out if we have the specification error problem in any concrete situation. These tools include a graphical examination of the residuals and more formal tests, such as MWD and RESET. Since the search for a theoretically correct model can be exasperating, in  this chapter we considered several practical criteria that we should keep in mind in this search, such as (1) parsimony, (2) identifiability, (3) goodness of fit, (4) theoretical consistency, and (5) predictive power. As Granger notes, â€Å"In the ultimate analysis, model building is probably both an art and a science. A sound knowledge of theoretical econometrics and the availability of an efficient computer program are not enough to ensure success.† 8) Multicollinearity: What Happens If Explanatory Variables are Correlated? An important assumption of the classical linear regression model is that there is no exact linear relationship(s), or multicollinearity, among explanatory variables. Although cases of exact multicollinearity are rare in practice, situations of near exact or high multicollinearity occur frequently. In practice, therefore, the term multicollinearity refers to situations where two or more variables can be highly linearly related. The consequences of multicollinearity are as follows. In cases of perfect multicollinearity we cannot estimate the individual regression coefficients or their standard errors. In cases of high multicollinearity individual regression coefficients can be estimated and the OLS estimators retain their BLUE property. But the standard errors of one or more coefficients tend to be large in relation to their coefficient values, thereby reducing t values. As a result, based on estimated t values, we can say that the coefficient with the low t value is not statistically different from zero. In other words, we cannot assess the marginal or individual contribution of the variable whose t value is low. Recall that in a multiple regression the slope coefficient of an X variable is the partial regression coefficient, which measures the (marginal or individual) effect of that variable on the dependent variable, holding all other Xvariables constant. However, if the objective of study is to estimate a group of coefficients fairly accurately, this can be done so long as collinearity is not perfect. In this chapter we considered several methods of detecting multicollinearity, pointing out their pros and cons. We also discussed the various remedies that have been proposed to solve the problem of multicollinearity and noted their strengths and weaknesses. Since multicollinearity is a feature of a given sample, we cannot foretell which method of detecting multicollinearity or which  remedial measure will work in any given concrete situation. 9) Heteroscedasticity: What Happens If the Error Variance Is Nonconstant? A critical assumption of the classical linear regression model is that the disturbances ui all have the same (i.e., homoscedastic) variance. If this assumption is not satisfied, we have heteroscedasticity. Heteroscedasticity does not destroy the unbiasedness property of OLS estimators, but these estimators are no longer efficient. In other words, OLS estimators are no longer BLUE. If heteroscedastic variances ÏÆ'i2 are known, then the method of weighted least squares (WLS) provides BLUE estimators. Despite heteroscedasticity, if we continue to use the usual OLS method not only to estimate the parameters (which remain unbiased) but also to establish confidence intervals and test hypotheses, we are likely to draw misleading conclusions, as in the NYSE Example 9.8. This is because estimated standard errors are likely to be biased and therefore the resulting t ratios are likely to be biased, too. Thus, it is important to find out whether we are faced with the heteroscedasticity problem in a specific application. There are several diagnostic tests of heteroscedasticity, such as plotting the estimated residuals against one or more of the explanatory variables, the Park test, the Glejser test, or the rank correlation test (See Problem 9.13). If one or more diagnostic tests reveal that we have the heteroscedasticity problem, remedial measures are called for. If the true error variance ÏÆ'i2 is known, we can use the method of WLS to obtain BLUE estimators. Unfortunately, knowledge about the true error variance is rarely available in practice. As a result, we are forced to make some plausible assumptions about the nature of heteroscedasticity and to transform our data so that in the transformed model the error term is homoscedastic. We then apply OLS to the transformed data, which amounts to using WLS. Of course, some skill and experience are required to obtain the appropriate transformations. But without such a transformation, the problem of heteroscedasticity is insoluble in practice. However, if the sample size is reasonably large, we can use White’s procedure to obtain heteroscedasticity-corrected standard errors. 10) Autocorrelation: What Happens If Error Terms Are Correlated? The major  points of this chapter are as follows: 1.In the presence of autocorrelation OLS estimators, although unbiased, are not efficient. In short, they are not BLUE. 2.Assuming the Markov first-order autoregressive, the AR(1), scheme, we pointed out that the conventionally computed variances and standard errors of OLS estimators can be seriously biased. 3.As a result, standard t and F tests of significance can be seriously misleading. 4.Therefore, it is important to know whether there is autocorrelation in any given case. We considered three methods of detecting autocorrelation: a.graphical plotting of the residuals b.the runs test c.the Durbin-Watson d test 5.If autocorrelation is found, we suggest that it be corrected by appropriately transforming the model so that in the transformed model there is no autocorrelation. We illustrated the actual mechanics with several examples. 11) Simultaneous Equation Models In contrast to the single equation models discussed in the preceding chapters, in simultaneous equation regression models what is a dependent (endogenous) variable in one equation appears as an explanatory variable in another equation. Thus, there is a feedback relationship between the variables. This feedback creates the simultaneity problem,rendering OLS inappropriate to estimate the parameters of each equation individually. This is because the endogenous variable that appears as an explanatory variable in another equation may be correlated with the stochastic error term of that equation. This violates one of the critical assumptions of OLS that the explanatory variable be either fixed, or nonrandom, or if random, that it be uncorrelated with the error term. Because of this, if we use OLS, the estimates we obtain will be biased as well as inconsistent. Besides the simultaneity problem, a simultaneous equation model may have an identification problem. An identification problem means we cannot uniquely estimate the values of the parameters of an equation. Therefore, before we estimate a simultaneous equation model, we must find out if an equation in  such a model is identified. One cumbersome method of finding out whether an equation is identified is to obtain the reduced form equations of the model. A reduced form equation expresses a dependent (or endogenous) variable solely as a function of exogenous, or predetermined, variables, that is, variables whose values are determined outside the model. If there is a one-to-one correspondence between the reduced form coefficients and the coefficients of the original equation, then the original equation is identified. A shortcut to determining identification is via the order condition of identification. The order condition counts the number of equations in the model and the number of variables in the model (both endogenous and exogenous). Then, based on whether some variables are excluded from an equation but included in other equations of the model, the order condition decides whether an equation in the model is underidentified, exactly identified, or overidentified. An equation in a model is underidentified if we cannot estimate the values of the parameters of that equation. If we can obtain unique values of parameters of an equation, that equation is said to be exactly identified. If, on the other hand, the estimates of one or more parameters of an equation are not unique in the sense that there is more than one value of some parameters, that equation is said to be overidentified. If an equation is underidentified, it is a dead-end case. There is not much we can do, short of changing the specification of the model (i.e., developing another model). If an equation is exactly identified, we can estimate it by the method of indirect least squares (ILS). ILS is a two-step procedure. In step 1, we apply OLS to the reduced form equations of the model, and then we retrieve the original structural coefficients from the reduced form coefficients. ILS estimators are consistent; that is, as the sample size increases indefinitely, the estimators converge to their true values. The parameters of the overidentified equation can be estimated by the method of two-stage least squares (2SLS). The basic idea behind 2SLS is to replace the explanatory variable that is correlated with the error term of the equation in which that variable appears by a variable that is not so correlated. Such a variable is called a proxy, or instrumental, variable.2SLS estimators, like the ILS estimators, are consistent estimators. 12) Selected Topics in Single Equation Regression Models In this chapter we discussed several topics of considerable practical importance. The first topic we discussed was dynamic modeling, in which time or lag explicitly enters into the analysis. In such models the current value of the dependent variable depends upon one or more lagged values of the explanatory variable(s). This dependence can be due to psychological, technological, or institutional reasons. These models are generally known as distributed lag models. Although the inclusion of one or more lagged terms of an explanatory variable does not violate any of the standard CLRM assumptions, the estimation of such models by the usual OLS method is generally not recommended because of the problem of multicollinearity and the fact that every additional coefficient estimated means a loss of degrees of freedom. Therefore, such models are usually estimated by imposing some restrictions on the parameters of the models (e.g., the values of the various lagged coefficients decline from the f irst coefficient onward). This is the approach adopted by the Koyck, the adaptive expectations, and the partial, or stock, adjustment models. A unique feature of all these models is that they replace all lagged values of the explanatory variable by a single lagged value of the dependent variable. Because of the presence of the lagged value of the dependent variable among explanatory variables, the resulting model is called an autoregressive model. Although autoregressive models achieve economy in the estimation of distributed lag coefficients, they are not free from statistical problems. In particular, we have to guard against the possibility of autocorrelation in the error term because in the presence of autocorrelation and the lagged dependent variable as an explanatory variable, the OLS estimators are biased as well as inconsistent. In discussing the dynamic models, we pointed out how they help us to assess the short- and long-run impact of an explanatory variable on the dependent variable. The next topic we discussed related to the phenomenon of spurious, or nonsense, regression. Spurious regression arises when we regress a nonstationary random variable on one or more nonstationary random variables. A time series is said to be (weakly) stationary, if its mean, variance, and covariances at various lags are not time dependent. To find out whether a time series is stationary, we can use the unit root test. If the unit root test (or other tests) shows that the time series of interest is stationary,  then the regression based on such time series may not be spurious. We also introduced the concept of cointegration. Two or more time series are said to be cointegrated if there is a stable, long-term relationship between the two even though individually each may be nonstationary. If this is the case, regression involving such time series may not be spurious. Next we introduced the random walk model, with or without drift. Several financial time series are found to follow a random walk; that is, they are nonstationary either in their mean value or their variance or both. Variables with these characteristics are said to follow stochastic trends. Stock prices are a prime example of a random walk. It is hard to tell what the price of a stock will be tomorrow just by knowing its price today. The best guess about tomorrow’s price is today’s price plus or minus a random error term (or shock, as it is called). If we could predict tomorrow’s price fairly accurately, we would all be millionaires! The next topic we discussed in this chapter was the dummy dependent variable, where the dependent variable can take values of either 1 or 0. Although such models can be estimated by OLS, in which case they are called linear probability models (LPM), this is not the recommended procedure since probabilities estimated from such models can sometimes be negative or greater than 1. Therefore, such models are usually estimated by the logit or probit procedures. In this chapter we illustrated the logit model with concrete examples. Thanks to excellent computer packages, estimation of logit and probit models is no longer a mysterious or forbidding task.

Architecture and Commerce-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Carson Pirie Scott Department Store was the first building in the nineteenth century that incorporated the word skyscrapers in the city of Chicago 1 . The fruits of a new prosperity are enjoyed when the dawns of enlightened views break through the dark problems that surround us thereby creating a new freedom for the human kind Carson Pirie Scott Department Store breaks the monotony of crowds of the tall building along State and Madison Streets of Chicago. The structure is constructed of bronze on the ground floor with the facades finished on broad white. The building serves to illustrate the relationship between architecture and commerce. Being an architect of the neoclassical times, Sullivan maintained his phrase of form follows function in his design work. He thus resorted to coming up with a building that reflects the social functions that are to be served by the space 2 .   This was after he analyzed the challenges of high-rise commercial architecture. He illustrates his philosophy through describing an ideal tripartite skyscraper in which the first level which is the base level is the ground floor that houses business activities. The ease of public access, open space and light dominate. The second level is accessed by the public through the 3 staircase. The next level encompasses offices which have the same design because they serve the same function. As was argued by some of the modernist architects of the time, Sullivan based his design achieving more of functionality than beauty. It is possible to build a beautiful structure but at that time Sullivan went for a structure that is ugly but functional as opposed to just erecting just faà §ade architecture. Sullivan illustrates his philosophy in the design of Carson Pirie Scott Department Store in which he gives emphasis to the lower street level and entrance that attract shoppers into the store. He achieves that by using very large windows on the ground floor used in displaying products, placing the three doors that serve as the entrance within a rounded bay at a corner of the site 4 . The placement of the doors makes them visible from any direction when one is approaching the building. Giedion, Sigfried. Space, Time and Architecture: The Growth of a New Tradition. New York: Harvard University Press, 2013. Siry, Joseph. Carson Pirie Scott: Louis Sullivan and the Chicago Department Store. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.

Children's literature - Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Lewis Essay

Children's literature - Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Lewis Carroll Short story - Essay Example to be following a white rabbit to a hole, which is a doorway to the wonderland where Alice meets with different creatures and experiences a completely new realm in her life. From getting big to small, making friends to nemesis and from saving to being subjected to execution, Alice finds that all that had happened was just a dream and not reality. Henceforth, we will examine three aspects of the novel which are, the notions about and standpoint towards children of that era, how are literary techniques employed to present the children of the Victorian period and how does this literature provide a look on the characteristics of world and the quintessence established. Published in 1865, Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland was set in the late eighteen hundred, Victorian period in Britain. The author, though, illustrates a child who is curious, observant and stubborn, but possesses a good heart, has not specifically pointed out anything that may represent the children of those times and what were the concepts about children during the Victorian period. Hence, with the help of the historical and geographical background of the novella, we will expound and propound the theories that concern a child of that era and what kind of attitude they were subjected to. There are numerous sources available that give us an insight on the topic under scrutiny and we have availed some of those resources. Starting with the book by (Pollock), the author claims that the attitude towards children during the eighteenth century in Britain was not very different from the rest of the world. The children were not allowed to indulge in their curiosity like in the book of Carroll. Instead the upbringings of the children were excessively harsh and if not harsh, then they were not likable or appreciable. From physical to emotional, abuse was common enough in the Victorian era and parents expected unshakable obedience and respect from their children all the time, either by the nature itself or with the

M5C Obstacles and Pitfalls to Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

M5C Obstacles and Pitfalls to Success - Essay Example More emphasis is put in the endeavor to attain and maintain a considerable health plan which is being inhibited by the massive heath costs and invariably rising insurance costs. Insurance costs are increasing at an alarming rate with many medical insurance pundits alleging that the high risks in the current heath status of many individuals are the contributing factor (Pauly, MacGuire & Barros, 2011). Several factors have been continuously discussed on their influence to the obstacles, pitfalls and barriers of a good health care. Significantly the status of the economy has a haphazard impact on the costs of insurance and the heath care in general. A conducive and better performing economy where virtually all levels of income to the citizens are high and the costs of living low will enhance the affordability of a successful health plan (Pauly, MacGuire & Barros, 2011). Moreover, inflation, continuously poses a big threat to the insurance and health costs. These prices are soaring high and high with the rise in inflation rates an indication of a poorly performing economy. A successful health plan needs stable and steady economic conditions which will allow the concerned parties to attain their esteemed goal (Pauly, MacGuire & Barros, 2011). As noted earlier the levels of income play a big hand in the accomplishment of a successful health plan. Evidently, this influence is demonstrated in the instance of increased propensity to save which enhances the availability of more funds to secure health services when one is rendered less productive or retires. In addition, high income illustrates a better level to afford insurance costs which with the increasing health risks, diseases and infections are continuously rising (Inhurst, 2009). Unemployment rates are another key factor influencing on the costs of health care. With high population being unemployment and rising dependency levels many insurance providers are finding it inevitable to raise their costs

Hierarchical Structure in a Modern Organization Essay

Hierarchical Structure in a Modern Organization - Essay Example In the modern day organizations’ context, the employees’ working within the organization need a supervision that facilitates them to have a clear vision with regard to the organizational goals as well as initiates and influences them to attain or accomplish the desired goals. It has been apparently observed that in the modern day organizational context, prompt decision making has become almost synonymous to every day transactions made within the organization, thus a clear focus that is generally present amid the top level hierarchy facilitates to right decisions and the right time without much fault. The study will also include the counter arguments with respect to the relevance of the hierarchy within the organizations. The existence of the flatten organization is quite unmanageable at times. The invisible hierarchy remains within the flatten organizations as well. If the employees are bestowed with the responsibility to take the decisions freely without any supervisio n, the power- conflict arises within the organizations. Thus, the existence of the flatten structure without any centralized control within the organization can cause both short-term and long-term hindrances within the organizational premises. The relationship between the hierarchy and the â€Å"the tyranny of invisible† and the difference between the hierarchy and the hierarchism will also be included within the study. The existence of the rhizomes structure within the organization also forms an objective of this study.... ost synonymous to every day transactions made within the organization, thus a clear focus that is generally present amid the top level hierarchy facilitates to right decisions and the right time without much fault. The study will also include the counter arguments with respect to the relevance of the hierarchy within the organizations. The existence of the flatten organization is quite unmanageable at times. The invisible hierarchy remains within the flatten organizations as well. If the employees are bestowed with the responsibility to take the decisions freely without any supervision, the power- conflict arises within the organizations. Thus, the existence of the flatten structure without any centralized control within the organization can cause both short-term and long-term hindrances within the organizational premises. The relationship between the hierarchy and the â€Å"the tyranny of invisible† and the difference between the hierarchy and the hierarchism will also be inc luded within the study. The existence of the rhizomes structure within the organization also forms an objective of this study. Thesis Statement Hierarchy is sustainably/fundamentally relevant in the modern day organization. The Sustainable/Fundamental Relevance of Hierarchy in the Modern Day Organization Modern day organizations have various structural options. The structural options range from the traditional structure towards the better innovative and flexible schemes. The hierarchies differ within the structures and the effectiveness of the different structural scenarios followed within the organization upon the compliance of the structural framework with that of the strategic objective of the company/organization (Nestle, 2011). The various structures comprise the functional structure, the team

Explain the true-justified-belief theory of knowledge we discussed in Essay

Explain the true-justified-belief theory of knowledge we discussed in class.Then make up your own Gettier case and explain why i - Essay Example However, despite the acceptance of the JTB theory, there is so much consideration to be done around the epistemology of knowledge development. For that reason, a theory of justification is required, which will lead to answers from the question that the subject (S) is justified in holding the belief that the proposition (p) is factual. Therefore, warrants to be treated like knowledge – if a theory of justification supports the belief. Discussion The conditions required for the true justified belief theory are based on the regard that there should be the subject (S) that holds the proposition in question. The first condition for the theory is that there should be a proposition, which should warrant the subject’s treatment that it is factual and one warranting to be regarded as truthful. The second condition for the theory is that the subject (S) should be one who believes that the proposition in question is truthful (Pritchard, Millar & Haddock 22). The third condition is that the subject (S) should be one who can offer a justification or one who identifies with a justification that supports their belief in the truthfulness of the proposition in question (p). ... e second condition is necessary and sufficient, mainly because the subject (S) should hold the belief that the proposition (p) is truthful, because in the case that they do not, then it would not be considered for its truthfulness or the lack thereof (Schaffer 73-75). The third condition is necessary and sufficient, mainly because it is necessary for the subject (S) to be in a position of offering a justification that their belief in the proposition is truthful and one that holds the potential of presenting truthfulness. The three conditions are sufficient when taken into account together, mainly because they cannot work singly, but require one another, before they can lead to the development of valid conclusions. For example, taking a case of a false proposition, then the subject is less likely to believe that it is truthful, and more is that they cannot offer a justification of the proposition. Secondly, in a case where the subject does not believe in the proposition, then they are less likely to consider it truthful, and more importantly; they cannot offer a justification for believing the proposition. Thirdly, without a justification about the belief in the proposition, it will be impossible for the subject to believe that the proposal is truthful, and more importantly, they will not be able to hold the belief that the proposition is truthful. In offering a counterexample to the truthfulness of JTB, the case of John will be used. From my class, I saw the ID of John, and it shows that he is from Florida; therefore, I can infer that he comes from Florida (inference 1). The second inference will be that, due to the fact that he is from Florida, then a member of the class comes from Florida (inference 2). In this case, inference 2 has been drawn from the justification

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING - Essay Example More specifically, the report will answer the question, â€Å"What was the adjusted profit for the financial year ending 30th September 2010 and which were the actual adjustments made to the accounts to reach at that amount?† 1. In this case the problem lies in the fact that the financial assistant was not aware of the new changes where there was a review in 31st March 2010 giving the plant a useful life of 5 years. The depreciation rate that should be reflected in the financial statements and in the comptation of profits for the financial year should be based on the reviewed value. This is when IAS number 16 has been applied. The adjustments are going to be shown in the appendix number (1). A journal entry is to be used to correct this error by the Financial Assistant. 2. This was a case by the Assistant where he did not consider the review of the value of the building in 1st October 2009. This is from the original  £700,000 to  £1,200,000. The review was to affect the profits by being included as a profit or gain to the firm rather than opening a revaluation account and reflecting the same in the asset account (in this case the building). IAS 16 is also applicable in this case as it is the most appropriate. Adjustments necessary are shown in Appendix (2). 3. This is a case where the Investment property was shown under land and buildings. There was no clear cut line as to where it should have been included. Though, IAS 16 still applies in this case no action is going to be made in making a journal entry to rectify. This is since there are neither rates nor the depreciation rate applicable. Investment property shown in 30.09.2009:  £800,000 Adjustment: since the rate of depreciation is not given nor the useful years as well as how the assistant treated it during the current financial year, no adjustment is to be

Compensation and Benefits Peer Discussion Personal Statement

Compensation and Benefits Peer Discussion - Personal Statement Example The first point is when I read about the â€Å"NAFTA – the North American Free Trade Agreement† (p. 308). I like this system of free trade and in my point of views these kinds of trades system allows multiple countries to execute business with each other in more organized manner. The second point that I found interesting was that in Mexico there is implemented a Federal Labor Law that clearly differentiates between a worker and an employer. I like the idea that both types of labor is identified and treated individually. This thought of differentiation can only be productive for any company if it is managed positively. Otherwise, the same thought can become destructive for any organization. When I compare these two concepts with other countries then I found that Brazil also has a kind of law for its employers and that is â€Å"Consolidation of Labor Laws† (p. 314) but there is no differentiation between an employer and a worker. It treats all of the workers and employees equally. Since, what I think it shouldn’t be like that. There should be a line between the workers and employees of an organization. If we do so then our employees would feel honor and work with more hard work while on the other hand our workers would try to become an employee as well and pitch in their efforts to get a batch of an employee. Now if I apply these concepts in my organization, then I would definitely try to introduce this free trade system between other countries and my country. This will not only ensure good relationship between multiple nations but also we get a good market share from other countries as well. In the end it will be good for the overall growth of my company. Besides that I would surely introduce the second concept as well in my organization but in a positive way. Like a worker is a person who has recently joined our organization while an employee is a person who has been working with us since last two years. An

Lolita vs. Frankenstein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lolita vs. Frankenstein - Essay Example It is almost in the same period that Vladimir Nabokov gave vent to a world clung to puritanical thoughts in Lolita. Lolita was very sensational in United States in the late 1950s because of its controversial substance. Many critics branded the novel as pornographic trash, and they condemned this masterpiece as a piece of poor quality literature. However, there were many other critics who praised the work for its uniqueness, genuineness, and vivacious wit. In this novel, Nabokov formed the character of Humbert Humbert as complex mixture; he is a mad rakehell as well as wild romantic at the same time and Lolita falls a victim of his incessant obsession for her but ended it as form of murder. The essay seeks to bring out a comparative and contrastive study between the two novels in terms of their themes, character sketches and the over all setting and treatment of both the novels. While Frankenstein depicts the story of the hero who is ruined by his unchecked pursuit of knowledge, in Lo lita the tragedy of the hero stems from his obsessive drive for sex and violent nature; both fail to foresee the consequences of their actions until they are completely ruined. The strong passion of Love is the basic instinct of sex that is displayed on various forms on this novel. â€Å"Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins, my sin, and my soul† (Nabokov part 1: 1) utters Humbert in the opening of the novel which shows his deep passion and strong desire on Lolita. It also displays mixture of feelings such as deep pain, love, anger and regret that he experiences. In the book of Frankenstein the author indicates the strong desire of Frankestein to produce another human â€Å"Beautiful! -- Great God!† (Shelly.98). Here the author mixes up the emotions of excitement as well as enthusiasm of Frankenstein very effectively. One can notice parallels between the themes in both the novels and there are many who argue that in Lolita Nabokov reworked fundamental

US History Essay Example for Free

US History Essay 4. Describe how prokaryotes carry out photosynthesis and cellular respiration when they lack compartmentalized organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria. The area of cellular respiration in prokaryotes is the respiratory membrane. For aerobic prokaryote the infoldings of the plasma membrane are similar to the cristae of mitochondria, whose purpose in eukaryotic cells is cellular respiration. In photosynthetic prokaryotes, the area responsible for cellular respiration is the thylakoid membrane. It functions are similar in manner to chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells. 5. Explain why prokaryotes are unable to grow in very salty or sugary foods, such as cured meats or jam. Prokaryotes have the ability to live harsh environments. Prokaryotes however are unable to live in very salty or sugary foods like cured meats or jams because they lack the essential nutrients that water etc provide. In response to these harsh conditions endospores are formed. In essence, endospores are a touch wall surrounding a set of chromosomes. Eventually as water is removed from the cell its metabolism halts and the rest of the cell disintegrates. In this manner prokaryotes die out in harsh conditions like sugary or salty foods. 6. State the function(s) of each of the following prokaryotic features: a. Capsule i. A capsule is a sticky layer that surrounds the cell wall of some prokaryotes, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces. b. fimbriae ii. A short, hairlike appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells; also known as an attachment pilus. c. sex pilus iii. In bacteria, a structure that links one cell to another at the start of conjugation; also know as a conjugation pilus d. Nucleoid iv. A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell. e. Plasmid v. A small, circular, double stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome. Plasmids are also found in some eukaryotes, such as yeasts. f. Endospores vi. A thick-coated, resistant cell produced by a bacterial cell exposed to harsh conditions. 7. List three factors that give rise to high levels of genetic diversity in prokaryotes. Rapid Reproduction- Rapid reproduction is comparable to a prokaryote reproducing by binary fission repeatedly. After rounds of division most of the offspring cells are identical Mutation- Genetic Recombination- 8. Describe three processes that produce recombinant DNA in prokaryotes.

Ecosystem Function, Structure and Change Essay Example for Free

Ecosystem Function, Structure and Change Essay Lake Tahoe is a large lake that is almost split in half by the border of California and Nevada. Lake Tahoe’s surface area is about 191, 500 square miles with a depth of about 500 meters. Lake Tahoe is listed as the 26th largest lake by volume. The vegetation around the lake supports a variety of plant life and animal life, as well as a very diverse organism community. The vegetation around the lake consists of a mixture of Jeffry Pine, lodgepole Pine, and both white and red fir’s. Vegetation also includes both wet and dry meadows and brush fields. The brush field Ceanothus has the capability of fixing nitrogen that makes the soil of the surrounding lake more fertile. There are several processes that prevail inside and outside the lake. The lake is under threat from eutrophication that can severely affect the aquatic life living in it and the surrounding vegetation. It has been estimated that there has been changes in the populations of the various aquatic animals living in the lake’s waters. Zooplankton population has faced the greatest changes. The lake experiences both winter and summer seasons, which in that area of the country can be extreme. Temperatures can go as high as 80 degrees Fahrenheit in the summer and as low as sub-zero in the winter. The vegetation surrounding the lake experiences these temperature changes and responds to this stimulus by the change in leaf colors and leaf numbers. The seasonal changes also affect the different mammal activities and interactions in the surrounding environment. Human activity around the lake is considerably high. Historically, the area around the lake was inhabited by Native Americans. The lake, because of its natural beauty and vegetation is a great attraction spot for tourists who wish to ski and fish. Because of the surrounding human population, there have been attempts to dispose of the raw sewage away from the lake basin but this strategy has not proved to be that useful. This is because the  eutrophication levels of the lake water are rising at a considerably high rate. The nitrogen and phosphorus levels of lake are increasing because of the high amounts of these elements and their compounds in the sewage water. The phytoplankton population present in the lake’s water is a natural tool that is reducing the levels as we speak. However, the rate of this natural proves might not be able to cope with the nitrogen and phosphorus amounts in the future if per say the sewage problem is not dealt with effectively in time. [Strong, 1999] The need for effective ecological planning is essential in today’s world where industry and technology is growing at a remarkable rate. Ecological planers plan to protect the nature’s true works and work hard to promote awareness against ecological deterioration. There are several things that planning requires. The lake is surrounded by vegetation and is home to hundreds of aquatic life forms. The vegetation and the mammalian life inside it is directly dependent on the lake for food and nourishment. This is because the primary protein source shall be the fish inside the lake for the land animals. Ecologists use these types of useful information to develop plans for management and restoration. In this case, the ecologists shall consider the water quality of the lake to be of the greatest importance. They shall ensure that there is little human interference in the natural habitats of the vegetation’s animals to allow the natural ecosystem to flourish because human interferences can cause migrations. The ecologists shall calculate the area required by the lake and the surrounding vegetation and shall accordingly present the data for further use. If in the future, companies or industries aim to industrialize the area, the ecologists shall use the data to calculate the risk of opening an industry to the environment. Ecologists that use preservation techniques to help preserve natural ecosystems give often consider the importance of an ecosystem by looking for any endangered or rare species inhabiting the area. The conservation of these rare species keeps ecologists busy. Ecological interactions between species are numerous and some types of standards only occur rarely or in specific climates and/or seasons. Lake Tahoe is an example of the hundreds of natural ecosystems found on the planet. Each ecosystem has a unique setup and the organisms populating it are dependent on it in every way. The presentation of these ecosystems is a responsibility for humans. References Lake Tahoe. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tahoe

Why Are Ethics So Important In The Field Of Accounting Accounting Essay

Why Are Ethics So Important In The Field Of Accounting Accounting Essay Based on what you know about accounting, what role do you see it playing in business operations? How dependent do you think a business is on its accounting department? Why? I think that accounting plays a very large role in business operations because it is needed to show the financial status of that business. It is also necessary to know what the status is in order to be able to make important decisions involving expenses and money transactions. I think that a business is extremely dependant on its accounting department for these reasons. The accounting department could almost be considered the back bone of a business in terms of the companys financial success. Without reliable financial reporting a business could incur losses, possibly get audited and possibly even cause a business to go bankrupt. WEEK 1 DQ 2 Why are ethics so important in the field of accounting? Accounting ethics are important because a business relies on the reported financial status to make its business decisions. A business must have accurate reports and know that the business has sufficient funds to continue to operate and be able to pay rent and other bills, pay employees, and to continue producing products and/or offering services. Accountants have acces to inside information and assets that could be detrimental to a business should it enter into the wrong hands. A business needs to be able to rely on competent and ethical professionals with confidence that the finances are being accurately handled and reported. WEEK 3 DQ 1 When reviewing a financial report, why should information be reliable, relevant, consistent, and comparable? In other words, why are these accounting characteristics important? What kinds of problems could be created if a financial report is not reliable, relevant, consistent, or comparable? Information in a financial report needs to be reliable, relevant, consistent, and comparable because many people rely heavily on this information in order to make important business decisions. The report is useless to stockholders, managers, employees, and creditors if the information is not accurate and able to give them the information that they need to make certain business, lending, buying and/or selling decisions. The information must be relevant in order to make a difference in the decisions people make regarding the company and its future. The information should be verifiable so that users know it can be relied on. It needs to be comparable so that different companies can compare performance. The reports should be consistent so that a company can easily refer back to the information if needed in the future. If the information is not reliable, users could make wrong decisions based on inaccurate information and could potentially lose a lot of money doing so. If the report is not relevant, users will not have the information needed to make important business decisions. If the report is not consistent, a company may have a hard time tracking financial results to compare with other years. WEEK 3 DQ 2 How does information from financial reports influence business decisions? Why is it important for business managers to understand the information found on financial reports? Information from financial reports can influence business decisions by offering its user a prediction of what the business future may look like based on how the company has done in the past. If these reports show that the company has done well over the last two periods, then decisions can be made based on the projections that the company may continue to do well in the next period. For example, and investor may see this information and decide to put money into the company because he/she believes that the company will continue to make profits as it has been doing recently. A creditor may decide to lend money to expand the company because it see in the reports that the company has been doing well and should be able to repay the debt. Managers need to be able to understand the information on financial reports because they need to   make important business decisions for the future the company based on the companys expenditures, production, and profits or losses. WEEK 5 DQ 1 How would you describe the difference between financial and managerial accounting? What are the distinguishing features of managerial accounting? The main difference between financial and managerial accounting is that managerial accounting is for internal users such as officers and managers. Financial accounting, on the other hand, is for the needs of external users such as stockholders, creditors, and regulators. Though each field of accounting deals with the economic events of a business, managerial accounting is done with the purpose for making specific decisions in regards to the company. The distinguishing features of managerial accounting are that internal reports are produced as often as needed, they are very detailed, and there are no independent audits done on these reports. WEEK 5 DQ 2 Select a management function (planning, directing and motivating, or controlling) and explain how that function relates to business as a whole. Next, select a different function listed by a classmate. Discuss with your classmate how the functions you each selected complement each other.   Directing and motivating is a management function that is important in any business. It is essential to any company to make sure that all business operations are running smoothly. This involves implementing planned objectives and providing necessary incentives for employees as well as selecting executives, appointing managers and supervisors, and hiring and training employees. I worked at Circuit City for four years and I can share now from experience just how important motivating employees is and how badly a company can suffer without proper motivation and incentives. This is something that this company really lacked on (at least the one I worked at did) and now it has gone out of business. I am sure that there were many other reasons involved for why it went out of business, but I never felt in my fours years there that me or any other employee was ever really motivated by management and there was really no extra incentives to being a good worker. The company had an very high turn around rate for employees and managers and they were never trained well. I pretty much had to figure everything out on my own when I first started working there. I had probably about seven different managers in those four years and some I dont think ever even knew my name! WEEK 7 DQ 1 You know how important it is to create budgets for your household. How does budgeting help management make good business decisions? Budgeting can help management make good business decisions that will help them to maintain enough cash to pay the companys creditors, to have sufficient raw materials to meet production requirements, and to have adequate finished goods to meet expected sales. Budgeting is important for management to be able to plan ahead and to be able to help the company to reach its financial goals. Good budgeting also provides and early warning system for any potential problems so that action can be taken beforehand. Budgeting also helps management make good decisions because they are likely to be more motivated to reach goals if the companys objectives are laid out before them. WEEK 7 DQ 2 What are some of the different types of budgets? Describe in detail one type of budget covered in the text. Describe what the budget is used for and what information it provides a business. Then, as you respond to your classmates, discuss how the budget you described relates to the budget they described. Discuss how a business benefits from each of the budgets. Some of the different types of budgets are the sales budget, production budget, direct materials budget, and the direct labor budget. The sales budget is the first budget that is prepared and is especially important because each of the other budgets depends on it. The sales budget is made from managements best estimate of anticipated sales revenue for that budget period. The sales budget can affect net income if the projections are not accurate. This budget is relied heavily upon to determine how much inventory is needed to meet the sale demands in the budget period. This budget shows the expected unit sales volume and its anticipated unit price. These expected unit sales volume and the anticipated unit price are multiplied together to determine what the total sales budget will be for the year. CAPSTONE DISCUSSION QUESTION Think back over what you have studied and learned in this course. Do you have a new perception of or appreciation for the field of accounting and how it contributes to business? Explain. I can honestly say that I have a new appreciation for the field of accounting. I had no idea how important accounting was to a business. Accurate accounting is important not only to the business as a whole, but also to the managers, the investors and the creditors. Financial statements, budgets and record keeping are far more complicating than I thought they would be. A person could go on all day and still not cover every aspect of accounting; profits and losses, assets and liabilities, partnerships and corporations, contribution margins, and audits- just to name some.   I also now see why ethics are so important in accounting too. Good or bad ethics in accounting can either make or break a company.

Eriksons Psychosocial Stages and Adopted Children Essay -- Eriksons

Difficulties and Stages of Adopted Children Erikson believed that people develop in psychosocial stages. He emphasized developmental change throughout the human life span. In Erikson's theory, eight stages of development result as we go through the life span. Each stage consists of a crisis that must be faced. According to Erikson, this crisis is not a catastrophe but a turning point. The more an individual resolves the crises successfully, the healthier development will be. The first stage of Erikson's psychosocial stage is trust vs. mistrust, which is experienced, in the first year of life. Infants learn to trust in order to satisfy their needs thus developing a feeling of self-worth. When infants receive inconsistent care they may mistrust the people in their life. This is a very important stage to look at when looking at adoption and the foster care system. Children who are adopted in the first few weeks of life will probably not face may difficulties during this stage because their care will be consistent from the second or third week on. This is very different from children who are adopted later in this stage or who are in the foster care system during this stage. Some of these children will have inconsistent care thus mistrusting people in their lives. This mistrust will follow this child for a long time or possibly for the rest of their life. For example I was adopted at three years old and I remember my social worker coming by a year after I hav e been placed with my family to do the last home visit. As soon as I saw her I ran and hid in my closet because she had taken me away from so many places and my care was so inconsistent that I have formed a sense of mistrust of people. With the help of my family I have learned to trust and have successfully completed this stage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Autonomy vs. shame and doubt is Erikson's second stage of development occurs between the first and third years in life. During this stage children learn to be independent by mastering tasks such as feeding a dressing themselves. If children do not develop autonomy during this stage they will doubt their ability and develop a sense of shame. I lived in one foster home from the time I was one and a half to the time my parents adopted me at age three. I believe that I developed during this stage just as well if not better than children who are biological or who are adopte... ...olation and loneliness. This is the stage that I am going through now and I believe that I am on track. I have friends and a boyfriend. My relationships are healthy, I know what I want to be and get out of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Generativity vs. stagnation is Erikson's seventh stage of development, which occurs in adulthood. Generativity includes responsibilities such as raising children and being productive in a job. Adults who do not perform these tasks become stagnant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Integrity vs. despair is Erikson's eighth and final stage in development, which occurs in Old Age. Older adults look back on their lives and evaluate the outcomes. Those who view their life as productive and satisfying feel a sense of integrity. Those who do not see their life as productive will feel disappointed causing despair.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that an adopted child has more hurdles in developing than a biological child. I also believe that a child who is adopted later in life will have more issues than those are adopted earlier in life will have. I also believe that if the foster parents and adopted parents are have good intentions and work together the child will be able to complete each stage successfully.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay -- Essays on Anxiety Disorde

The human brain is a very powerful piece of structure; it is truly limitless when speaking about its potential. With a functional organ comes a dysfunctional possibility. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, (OCD), for instance, is nervousness in the mind. OCD is an anxiety disorder caused by repetitive intrusive thoughts and behaviors. It is a mental disorder marked by the involvement of a devotion to an idea or routine. Essentially, it is a false core belief which is believing that there is something wrong, causing the mind to overpower the body in order to better itself. The act, the compulsion, is performed in order to reduce the amount of anxiety the host experiences in his thoughts, the obsession. Obsessive Compulsive Disorders can be anything from excessively washing your hands, not stepping on cracks, and even excessively having your possessions clean such as your house, office, car, etc. These compulsions can be treated to an extent. Through observations, it is simple to conclude that everyone has a form of an obsession, very much like OCD, that can benefit bright and new concepts throughout the world. According to the history books, the anxiety disorder of OCD is said to originate in Europe during the 14th and 16th century. During that time, it was believed that people who experienced and had obsessive thoughts, specifically sexual, were possessed by the Devil. Exorcism was the treatment used for people of this manner to â€Å"cure† them. Nevertheless, in the early 1910s, Austrian born neurologist Sigmund Freud, who was the founder of psychoanalysis, attributed obsessive- compulsive behavior to unconscious conflicts that manifest as symptoms. He believed that in early childhood life, humans have and attain a â€Å"touchi... ...www.columbia-ocd.org/> [Smith, Melinda M.A., and Jaffe-Gill, Ellen M.A.]. â€Å"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)†. Unknown. April 21st 2014. [Unknown]. â€Å"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, OCD†. Unknown. March 26th 2014. [Unknown]. â€Å"Anxiety & Panic Disorders Guide†. Unknown. May 1st 2014. [Unknown]. â€Å"Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)†. Unknown. April 29th 2014. [Unknown], â€Å"Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; What is it? And how to treat it?†. Unknown. May 5th. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay -- Essays on Anxiety Disorde The human brain is a very powerful piece of structure; it is truly limitless when speaking about its potential. With a functional organ comes a dysfunctional possibility. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, (OCD), for instance, is nervousness in the mind. OCD is an anxiety disorder caused by repetitive intrusive thoughts and behaviors. It is a mental disorder marked by the involvement of a devotion to an idea or routine. Essentially, it is a false core belief which is believing that there is something wrong, causing the mind to overpower the body in order to better itself. The act, the compulsion, is performed in order to reduce the amount of anxiety the host experiences in his thoughts, the obsession. Obsessive Compulsive Disorders can be anything from excessively washing your hands, not stepping on cracks, and even excessively having your possessions clean such as your house, office, car, etc. These compulsions can be treated to an extent. Through observations, it is simple to conclude that everyone has a form of an obsession, very much like OCD, that can benefit bright and new concepts throughout the world. According to the history books, the anxiety disorder of OCD is said to originate in Europe during the 14th and 16th century. During that time, it was believed that people who experienced and had obsessive thoughts, specifically sexual, were possessed by the Devil. Exorcism was the treatment used for people of this manner to â€Å"cure† them. Nevertheless, in the early 1910s, Austrian born neurologist Sigmund Freud, who was the founder of psychoanalysis, attributed obsessive- compulsive behavior to unconscious conflicts that manifest as symptoms. He believed that in early childhood life, humans have and attain a â€Å"touchi... ...www.columbia-ocd.org/> [Smith, Melinda M.A., and Jaffe-Gill, Ellen M.A.]. â€Å"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)†. Unknown. April 21st 2014. [Unknown]. â€Å"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, OCD†. Unknown. March 26th 2014. [Unknown]. â€Å"Anxiety & Panic Disorders Guide†. Unknown. May 1st 2014. [Unknown]. â€Å"Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)†. Unknown. April 29th 2014. [Unknown], â€Å"Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; What is it? And how to treat it?†. Unknown. May 5th.

Aeronautical Engineers Essay example -- Papers

Aeronautical Engineers Description Aeronautical engineers apply the principle of science and technology in work with highly sophisticated products such as aircrafts, missiles and space satellites. They usually specialise in research, design manufacture and production, or the management of maintenance programs Qualifications required The usual qualifications for entry into this career is a degree. However, it may be possible to enter with an HND or HNC. Entry to a relevant engineering degree with: * 2/3 A-levels with GCSEs (A-C) 2/3 in other subjects * A relevant GCSE in a vocational subject or Intermediate GNVQ may be acceptable as an alternative to academic GCSEs * At A level, Maths and Physics are often preferred and may be essential. Equivalent qualifications such as an Edexcel (BTEC) or National Certificate or National Diploma or a Vocational A level (Advanced GNVQ) may be acceptable, it may also b advisable to check the prospectus. 1 A-level with 4 GCSEs (A-C). At A level, maths or physics is preferred. Again, equivalent qualifications are usually acceptable. Skills and Qualities necessary * You must be able to combine an analytical, logical approach with creativity and imaginations to solve problems * Engineers must be able to work as part of a team. The ability to encourage other peoples ideas is important, and you must aslope be flexible and able to compromise. You will need strong communication skills to write reports and to explain complex engineering information to people from non-technical backgrounds. * You will need organisationa... ...rlines, the Armed Forces and the Ministry of Defence. Some Aeronautical Engineers apply their knowledge of Aeronautical in other areas, for example, in companies that make vehicles such as cares, trains and hovercrafts. You can also work in the communication industry, dealing with satellites, or in construction, dealing with high, winds blown structures. Contacts EMTA, Engineering Careers Information Service (ECIS), Emta House, 14 Upton Road, Watford, Hertfordshire WD18 0JT. (Freephone: 0800 282167)] Telephone :01923 238441 Email: ecis@emta.org.uk Website: www. Enginuity.org.uk Employer Engineering and Physicals Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon SN2 1ET (Award) Telephone :01793 444100 Email: infoline@epsrc.ac.uk Website: www. epsrc.ac.uk

Organistional behaviour

Plan Formal & Informal Groups Formal groups are based on defined role relationships – in formal are based on based on personal relationships and agreement Formal Groups are created to achieve specific organisational objectives and are concerned with the co-ordination f work activities – informal groups serve to satisfy the psychological and social needs of group members not related necessarily to the tasks to be undertaken Formal group members have defined roles and the nature of work tasks to be undertaken is a predominant feature of the group – informal groups are based on personal relationships and membership can cut across the formal structure of the organisation Formal groups tend to be relatively permanent, although there may be a change in the membership of the team limitations of group decisions:Groups make better decisions than the average group member, but not as good as the best person working alone; Groups involve everyone -advantageous in certain cir cumstances (changing attitudes) the process is usually slower than for individuals Group working usually produces more workable solutions Social loafing – the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working as a member of a group than as an individual. (Ringelmann) Teams can be elevated into a ‘silver bullet' – a magic solution to all business problems. .

Roles Reversed in A Tale of Two Cities

A Tale of deuce Cities by Charles Dickens is a reinvigorated that is lofty in great mystery. Dickens writes his characters non as solely reliable or bad. Each character is fleshed out as a real individual with faults. The two-bagger of the characters Sydney carton and Charles Darnay is a central proficiency used by Dickens. In this incident he not only pairs unitedly opposites in values but makes them appear exactly alike. Many batch adduce that carton is the bad one who has a great transformation and Darnay is the advantageously one.How constantly, aft(prenominal) examining the text of A Tale of ii Cities it is clear that Darney is full of contradictions and cartonful who is morally stable. cartonful is a regular drinker and makes no claim otherwisewise. He is frequently seen drinking in the text or talking about drinking with a fri reverse. He recounts stories and misadventures from bars. The narrator explains that he is of all prison term out late, he has been seen coming rest home in the early morning hours and he works for Stryver. The reader see Carton has someone how has more bad habits that attain been spill on for years and years.Carton is in like manner seen as not competitive or professional at all. Carton saves up all his energy and time to do the one task he has been bandaged to do die a heros death. He makes the decision to pretend like he is Darnay and take the death punishment for him. In comparison Darnay who is initially thought of as being the good guy is not what he seems to be. Darnay comes form a family who has a long history of being ferocious to the French people. They fill wrong people again and again for years. He wants to let go his family name not out of good will but because it absolves him of any responsibility.He pretends to be someone else when he married Lucie and deceives her for his cause gain. Darnay chooses not to stay in capital of France and fight for the people his family has wrong. He goes outside(a) and hides in London where he is practiced from harm. Even at the end of the novel when Darnay should be put to death, he hides from his responsibility. He lets Carton be killed instead of him. Darnay and Carton act as foils to each other in Dickens A Tale of cardinal Cities. While Darnay is seen as heroic and Carton is seen as the exact opposite- no thing bottom be further from the truth.Is Darnay that is melodic themel, irresponsible, and unfledged. Carton is created to be a stark contrast o Darnay. Carton grows into a man who in the end gives his life for the greater good of his family, friends, and society. This is something Darnay has never and will never be able to do. I agree with this unfavorable judgment because I feel that they are many instances within the novel which support idea that Darnay and Carton are not who they originally seem to be. For example Darnay says If it ever becomes mine, it shall be put into some hands go qualified to free it slowly so that the miserable people who cannot leave it and who have been long wrung to the last point then(prenominal) endurance, may, in another generation, suffer less(prenominal) (130). Darnay really does not want his family name. He wants to hide from the past and make it disappear. That is wherefore he chooses to be someone he is not. I believe that the text shows that Darnay is numb(p) and continue to do the same things over and over again. the events of this week annihilated the immature plans of last week, and the events of the week following do all new again he had watched the times for a time of action, and that they had shifted and struggled until the time had gone by (251). Unlike Carton who seems in the beginning to be baseless and is rumoured to be seen at broad day, going home stealthily to his lodgings, like a dissipated cat (90). However, in the end it is Carton who dies for what he believes to be recompense and states It is a far, far separate thing that I do, than I have ever done it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known. (374) .

Diversity Worksheet Essay

1. What is regeneration? Why is salmagundi valued?I have guideed that diversity has various contrary interpretations but I go out only focus on the Websters vocabulary meaning. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, diversity is the condition of having or macrocosm composed of differing ele workforcets Variety especially the inclusion of different types of batch (as spate of different races or gardenings) in a root word or organization. To summarize this definition or make it simple, diversity is to include throng from different races, righteousnesss, genders, ages, ethnicities, and cultural backgrounds all in one(a) place. Diversity is valued because it teaches us how to accept and gain differences in mickle and to look beyond personalized biases or emotions of language, culture, and race. It too teaches us to be more open and enhances our knowledge of all things or multitude that ar different from us.2. What is ethnocentrism? In what rooms female genita l organ ethnocentrism be noi or so to a society?Ethnocentrism is the olfactory sensation that ones group or culture is superior to an opposite. Ethnocentrism makes a person bias against other(a) cultures and ethnic groups, makes a person look take in on others, and makes a person aroma that other cultures are inferior to their own. Furthermore, ethnocentrism crumb be detrimental to a society in many ways.One way is racism, which is a problem that has plagued our society for decades and has caused violence and death. Ethnocentrism has as well as caused war and genocide such as the Holocaust. During the prison term of the Holocaust, the Nazis (who were German) believed that Germans were racially superior and the Jews were inferior. This belief led to the Nazis putting to death a lot of Jews, disabled mess, and homosexuals. In right aways society, I am not veritable if ethnocentrism would go that far but it would still misemploy our society. It can cause more violence, disc rimination, and coflicts acrtoss the world.3. Define transportation and immigration.Emigration is to leave oness country permanently to live in another. Immgration is defined as advance into a new country as a permanent resident. Schaefer, R. T. states that from Vietnams perspective, the boat multitude were emigrants from Vietnam to the coupled States, but in the United States they were counted among this nations immigrants. This is how the two terms are different.4. What are some of the ways groups of deal are identified?Groups of people are identified by dominant and subjugate groups to include their race, ethnicity, religion, and gender. The racial group refers to people who are socially set apart because of physical differences. The moral principle group is set apart because of their national author or distinctive cultural patterns. The religious group is set apart because they are associated with a religion other than the dominant faith. The gender group suggests that m en are the social majority and women are the minority. eventually there are other subordinate groups that people are identified by such as age, disability status, physical appearance, and sexual orientation.5. Why do people estimate and group other people?I believe that some people label and group other people because this is the way they were taught. On the other hand, there are some people who label and group other people because of ignorance. For those who were brought up with prejudice, they continue to label people because it is easier to go cancelled of what they were taught than to look up the facts on their own. Furthermore, I feel that people label and group other people in order to make themselves look salutary or seem superior. They want to feel as if they are better than others. Labeling and grouping people is judgemental and can easily be avoided if people would just learn other people for themselves.6. Define culture. Is culture limit to racial and ethnic backgrou nds? Explain.Culture is the beliefs, social forms, and veridical traigts of a race, religion, or social group. It is also the sign features of everyday existence shared by people in a place or term (Merriam-Webster online, 2013). Culture can refer to many areas in a society and is not only extra to racial and ethnic backgrounds. Culture can also refer to other areas such as education, business, and science.