A Case Study Of T Mobile CRM Marketing Department - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 28 Words: 8257 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Case study Level High school Did you like this example? The Impact And Success Of Customer Relationship Systems: A Case Study Of T Mobile CRM Marketing Department 1.1 Introduction As has been commented upon in academic research, â€Å"today, in the business world, management recognises that customers are the core a business.† Expanding market share for any business relies upon the strength of their ability to be able to attract customers to purchase their product or service. However, it has not been until relatively recently that business has begun to understand that it is not solely the reliance upon attraction of customers that is important to success. Equally, if not more important, is the need to retain the customer and their future loyalty to the product offering or brand, as this is the only way in which the corporation can sustain their competitive advantage over other market players. Moreover, it has also been recognised that there is a significant cost benefit in the retention of existing customers in comparison with adding a new customer and this is especially true in an industry that has reached saturation point, w hich is certainly the case in the UK mobile telecommunications sector. 1.2 Background on CRM tools and systems Consequently, it is not surprising to find that an increasing number of businesses are becoming more focused upon the need for including customer relationship management (CRM) processes, tools and systems as a key element of their corporate marketing strategy. Indeed, in a survey conducted by Boston based Bain and Company, which covered 708 corporations across the Americas, Europe, Asia and Africa and resulted in 6,373 respondents, 78% were actively using management tools as a key element of their drive for competitive advantage, with the same percentage incorporating customer surveys within this strategic area. With the advancement of technology, both in terms of software, the internet and other developments, these CRM tools and systems have become more innovative as corporations seek to improve their customer retention and loyalty. It is this particular element of the CRM discipline that forms the focus for this dissertation which, by using T-mobile as a case study corporation, intends to undertake an assessment and evaluation of the impact that such tools have upon the corporations marketing department. 1.3 Case study T-Mobile T-Mobile is a wholly owned subsidiary of the German telecommunications giant Deutsche Telekom. The current brand name was introduced in 2002. Within its sector, the company is the worlds sixth largest mobile communications business, based upon the number of subscribers, and the third largest mobile multinational after Vodafone (UK) and Telefonica (Spain). Globally, the company has over 101 million subscribers. In the UK, T-Mobile has 13 Million subscribers and operates through 294 separate retail locations in addition to its online website. On the 1st July 2010, T-Mobile UK became part of a joint venture with Orange, operating through a new corporation called Everything Anywhere Ltd, which is â€Å"joi ntly owned by Deutsche Telekom and France Telecom.† Together the two businesses account for around 28 million subscribers and share administrative facilities. As stated, T-Mobile is operating within a highly saturated industry sector, which can be evidenced from recent statistics. For example, as can be seen from figure 1, mobile phone ownership had increased to over 80% by 2008 . More recently, by 2010, this number had risen to around 90% ownership of 2G and 3G mobiles (figure 2), although it should be noted that the number of actual mobiles owned significantly exceeds this figure because many individuals have more than one phone. Figure 1 Consumer durable statistics Source: https://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=868 Figure 2 Communications adoption 2010 Source: OFCOM (2010) In terms of market share, the statistics show that T-Mobiles percentage of the UK market has remained relatively static during the course of the five years to 2009, as inde ed has that of Orange, the company with which it has now formed an alliance. In contrast, O2, Vodafone and 3UK have achieved significant share growth during the same period. Superficially, at least, this appears to suggest that the latter corporations have not only managed to secure a greater rate of market share growth than T-Mobile but have also been more successful at retaining the loyalty of their existing consumer base. Consequently, this result suggests that there is a need for improvement in the T-Mobile CRM systems. Figure 3 Mobile phone market shares Source: OFCOM (2010) 1.4 Aims and objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate and assess the impact and success of CRM tools and systems within a practical corporate environment, in other words, it seeks to ascertain the extent to which these tools are achieving their goals of customer retention. Therefore, it is intended to resolve the following research propositions: 1. That CRM tools are having the ef fect of increasing customer loyalty to the T Mobile brand and improving repurchasing levels. 2. That the marketing department at T Mobile have been successful in introducing innovative CRM tools which has provided the corporation to achieve a competitive advantage over its main competitors within the mobile phone sector. To facilitate the robustness of this dissertation and the fulfilment of the aims that have been set, it is intended to conduct the research within the following framework of objectives. The focus of these objectives will be the mobile sector of the UK telecommunications industry, using T Mobile as the case study organisation: To provide a brief overview of the definition of CRM and its purpose within a corporate environment, with particular reference to its development and effectiveness of use within the UK mobile telecommunications sector To provide a detailed examination of the main challenges faced when using CRM tools and identify the latest tec hnologies that are being used to address these issues. To provide a critical analysis of the way in which the case study organisation, T Mobile, has introduced CRM tools and systems into their business. Moreover, this objective will also seek to investigate how these systems have been incorporated into the latest strategies developed by their marketing department. The final objective is to use the results of the research conducted t make recommendations for improvement, if applicable. 1.5 Scope and structure of dissertation To aid clarity and understanding of the content the remainder of this study has been formatted within the following framework. In the next chapter (2) a critical literature review is presented which concentrates upon the definition of CRM, the various tools and systems that are used to improve and enhance its management, as well as identifying how T Mobile have utilised these tools within their CRM strategy. Chapter three examines the methodology options available to the research and provides the reasoning for the methods that have been chosen, as well as indicating the limitations and how these have been addressed. Within chapter four, the research findings are presented and explained and these are further discussed in the chapter (5) that follows. The final chapter (6) brings the dissertation to a conclusion and, based upon the findings that have been discussed, also contains recommendations that are intended to assist the case study organisations and other in maximising the benefits the receive from effective implementation of CRM systems. Furthermore, as attachments to the main dissertation, additional appendices have been added. These comprise of a biography that provides details of all the publications and other information that has been relied upon and referred to within this study. Additionally, the appendices contain details of the primary research conducted, such as the questionnaires and interviews, toge ther with full details of the responses received. Chapter 2: Literature review 2.1 Introduction The academic and corporate interest in the importance of a relationship that a business can and should develop with their customers has been a part of the corporate strategy for some time . In this respect, it has long been recognised that the extent to which a corporation understands its customer and their needs will have a significant impact upon both their achievement of competitive advantage and in developing appropriate marketing strategy . However, since the middle of the 1990s CRM has not only taken the theory and art of interacting with customers to a new, more collaborative level, but the concept itself has become almost inextricably linked with the rapidly developing area of information technology and systems . In other words, from a practical, if not psychological aspect, the majority of CRM related studies are now focused upon its development and practice within the internal and external technologies tools and systems available to the corporation. Therefore, within this critical review of existing literature the intention, following a brief overview of the various definitions that have been applied to CRM, is to focus upon the CRM, how these are implemented in the IT environment, and to also evaluating the benefits and barriers. Following on from this the relationship between these issues and the manner in which they have been implemented within the case study corporation T-Mobile. 2.2. Defining CRM and its purpose As has been the case with almost every theory related to corporate strategy and management, there have been a number of attempts at providing a comprehensive and robust definition for the term CRM. These have ranged from the complex to the simple. At the former end of this scale is the lengthy definition that was used by Payne and Frow for the purpose of their research study into this area. Figure 4 CRM definitio n Source: Payne and Frow (2006, p.168) However, as Payne and Frow indicate the term, which gained prominence in the 1990s, has in the past been defined as â€Å"CRM can be interpreted as a process of digitizing a staffs knowledge about his or her customers.† Nevertheless, in view of the connection that exists between CRM and IT, perhaps the simplest and most appropriate definition that exists can be more succinctly described as it being â€Å"information-enabled relationship marketing.† 2.2.1 Purpose of CRM In terms of the purpose of CRM systems, from the corporations viewpoint, the consensus of opinion is that this can be applied to five key areas, which are as follows: 1. Acquisition of new customers The purpose being to secure new customers whose values equate with those that the firm or its brand is delivering. In financial terms, this will also reduce the fixed cost per customer, which can add further value by, for example, reducing product price. 2. Increasing revenue from existing customers This is achieved by encouraging existing customers to purchase other products or accessories, which in the mobile environment might consist of additional apps. 3. Improving customer retention rates Aimed at improving customer loyalty which will result in a continuation of their repurchasing habit 4. Reducing recurring costs Improvements made to internal/external systems should lead to a reduction in the cost of delivering messages and services to the customer without impacting adversely on quality 5. Reduce costs of acquisition Helps to improve the efficiency of attracting new customers, which has cost benefits 2.2.2 Key changes brought about by introducing CRM As can be seen from the following table (1), the design, execution and implementation of the CRM process within the business has an impact upon four key areas of its operations. Table 1 key change elements of CRM Source: Gurau et al (2 003, p.211) It is apparent that the two main elements of this change are the effect that it will have upon firstly, the customer and, secondly, the business employees. From a customer aspect, the process will be focused upon understanding and satisfying their needs, which at the same time will provide them with a greater sense of being appreciated and respected by the firm as their views are being listened too. The other aspect, which is interrelated with the first, is ensuring the efficiency of understanding that the staff have in terms of operating the new CRM system as, only through this approach will the customer satisfaction determinants be fulfilled. 2.3 CRM theoretical models There have been several theoretical CRM models developed over recent years, which have set out to provide an understanding of the way that these processes work and the interaction between the various elements. Of these, it is considered the two that provide the greater amount of detail abou t these processes are the QCI (figure 5) and Paynes five processes (figure 6) models. Figure 5 QCI model Source (Buttle 2009.19) QCI model developed by a consultancy firm Figure 6 Paynes five processes m model Source (Buttle 2009, p.20) Paynes five process model The benefit of the QCI model is that it shows the revolving and continuing cycle of the CRM customer based element. In other words, it defines the triple task of which is to win-back old customer, target new ones and continue to learn from the information gathered from the consumer so that the value of the product and brand can be constantly evolving to meet their changing needs and demands. Another important element of this model is that it indicates the bi-directional approach or communication between the various elements, which is essential in the development of a successful customer relationship programme. Conversely Paynes model, which has been adapted from Michael Porters ‘value chain, take s a straight line approach and splits the process into two distinct parts, these being the primary steps, related to external and customer activity, and the supporting direction, which is related to internal operations. In focus therefore, this model is targeting the impact of the relationship between the customers on the one hand and the profitability of the business. Nevertheless, it is apparent in both cases that there needs to be a robust link between all of the component parts and it is this link which has been found to be best created through the adoption and implementation of appropriate CRM IT systems. 2.4 CRM and IT As this review has revealed earlier, most CRM tools and systems are now implemented through the use of information technology and this is increasingly being seen as the most appropriate manner of controlling and measuring customer relationship. Nonetheless, in terms of corporate acceptance of this situation, this has been slower in materialising. How ever, this position is rapidly changing as indeed can be evidenced from a survey conducted in 2002 which showed corporate employees satisfaction with IT CRM systems increased from 35% in 2000 to 78% in 2992. It is apparent from this change of opinion that corporate employees have now begun to recognise the main advantages that exist within the new IT developments in CRM, which have been clearly identified within academic research (Table 2). Table 2 difference between old and IT based CRM Source: Gurau et al (2003, p.201) One interesting observation becomes immediately apparent from a review of this list is the increased interactivity force and power of the customer and the impact that this has upon the corporations and its drive for competitive advantage. For example, not only does the Internet provide bi-directional between the customer and the corporation, it also allows for the same to occur between customers, which means that their influence upon other and potent ial customers is much greater within the World Wide Web environment. For this reason, it is important that the best practice is adopted for the CRM systems. 2.4.2 Best practice for CRM in IT The first important factor to remember, which is linked to that discussed in the previous section is that CRN management tools usage on the internet should not be confined to just being price driven. The reason for this is that most online retailers have resorted to this approach, which reduces its competitive advantage for the firm. In addition therefore, the Internet message also has to achieve customer satisfaction â€Å"to increase competitive advantage† against other online competitors. The level of the customer satisfaction both with the product and with the relationship that he or she enjoys with the firm is a key factor in determining the extent of their loyalty to the firm and their repurchasing behavioural patterns. Moreover, as indicated within the following diagr am (figure 7), if there is a significant level of dissatisfaction being experienced, the person in question can act as a disruptive force. Through the communication means available on the Internet, these ‘dissatisfied customers can create adverse perceptions in the minds of potential new customers about the quality and appropriateness of the product and brand. This could act as a deterrent, dissuading these new customers from an initial purchase trial. Therefore, to ensure competitive advantage is maintained a high level of customer satisfaction with both the product and the brand and its service and promotion must be maintained, to such an extent that, as Shrimp and Madden â€Å"a triangular love relationship† develops between the brand product and customer. Figure 7 Customer satisfaction matrix Gurau et al (2003, p.201) 2.6 CRM tools, systems and their objectives 2.4.1 Use of Internal Tools and systems With regard to the internal implementation and management of CRM processes, the core factor is for the business to comment this process using a two-step process: Step one This step focuses upon the business and customer strategy review. Business strategy is to commence with an overview of the internal and external business environment. Customer strategy involves examining the existing and potential customer base to identify which segment is most appropriate for the business product Step two Consists of building a multichannel objective, which means that s number of channels must be managed in an integrated manner The multiple channels that are referred to in step two above will include a number of activities. For example, perhaps the most important of these is the need for a data depository (or memory bank) from which information can be mined and retrieved. In addition, the business will need to have front and back office applications which a) interface with customers, and b) include back office applicati ons that support internal administrative, supply and logistical processes. All of these elements must be aimed at improving the quality of service marketing that is applied to the external CRM tools. In other words, they should be designed to enhance the service value chain operated by the business and from the business viewpoint, the effective management of its customer base. Another of the beneficial uses of internal CRM tools is that it can be integrated with other computerised systems, providing information to areas such as the supply chain, resource planning and even financial systems 2.4.2 Use of external CRM tools In essence, most of the external CRM tools will be related to marketing , especially those that are focused upon the Internet and, in this respect can provide opportunities that can be used to adopt new marketing models that will enable the marketer to get â€Å"inside the lives [and minds] of your customer.† Within the offline environment, many businesses have used these systems for the purpose of direct mailing and the creation of loyalty and reward programmes, all of which are designed to improve customer retention and loyalty. Alternatively, in the online environment the marketers are provide with three main marketing opportunities, which include the development of a brand website and involvement with social networking, as well as online advertising. In relation to all of these opportunities, the focus for the marketer must be upon the creation of an interactive dialogue between the business and the customer to ensure the objectives and needs of each party are met. However, it is equally important, having implemented these processes, that their performance is monitored, which means that control systems, such as a KPIs or Balanced Scorecard approach needs to be also included within the process. 2.7 CRM at T-Mobile In relating the above elements of the literary review to the case study organisation, T-M obile, the extent to which this corporation has followed the advices and processes described in the previous section can now be identified. It is apparent from a visit to their website that the company is offering similar promotional material and product descriptions to those of other mobile organisations. Furthermore, in terms of building a customer relationship the site also offers a discussion forum, although it has to be said that this is not immediately apparent unless one visits the ‘contact us. Similarly, with the same criticism, the company has also engaged with online social networking, though this appears to be limited to the ‘Twitter site at present. Consequently, when all of this activity is added to the data that is collected from the contact us site and the further customer details that are required when requesting help, or making a payment, it is also apparent that the organisation must have the internal CRM systems available to enable it to devel op a data depository. From this, the business would be able to produce a targeting programme that can design offers for a specific group of customers, where existing or new. 2.8 Summary In summary therefore, it can be concluded from this review that the main elements required for the implementation of a successful CRM system that will deliver the goal and objectives of the business, must be based upon the following key factors: Mission vision Creating basic functions, structure and content that are designed to deliver customer satisfaction and are designed to prevent the death of the relationship Commitment Ensuring clarity of definition, good leadership and help from the supply chain to achieve objectives Monitoring Effective management, use and control of the information acquired and evaluating the ongoing performance Customer orientation Focus on committed customers and a loyalty programme with financial incentives tend to lead to a greater level of customer satisfaction. Also learning to see the brand through the customers eyes Marketing Concentrate upon firing up the front line Within the following chapters, it will be discovered the extent to which T-Mobiles current CRM tools and systems have succeed in these goals and objectives. Chapter 3: Research methodology 3.1. Introduction One of the most essentials prerequisites for the conduct of any study of this nature, which includes both an understanding of the theoretical processes and their transition into a practical commercial environment, is ensuring that the appropriate methodology is chosen for use . The following sections outline the approach that has been adopted for this dissertation. 3.2 Research philosophy The philosophy adopted for the study has been based upon a combination of the positivism and interpretivism approach. In relation to the former, the benefit is that it allows the researcher to introduce previously published facts an d concepts that can be reviewed objectively, for example, in this case such a modus would include previously published academic literature and the opinions of expert observers. Interpretivism, on the other hand, permits the researcher to observe the reactions and perceptions of individuals, which in this case would be those who supply mobile product and the consumers who use them. 3.3 Methodology strategy With a study that combines the theoretical with the effectiveness of its transitioning into a practical environment, the methodology chosen would rely upon either the quantitative or qualitative approach, or a combination of the two. The former allows for a more detailed and study of specific elements or opinions, for example, as would be gained from the use of an individual case study organisation or the conducting of interviews. The latter relies upon a large scale of investigation and, in this respect the use of existing academic resources or the conducting of a surv ey would have the desired outcome. 3.4. Choice of research methodology In considering the appropriate approach that would be suitable for this dissertation, the author has heeded the advice from other academics that a combination of the qualitative and quantitative approach might enhance the results and findings and has therefore decided upon this method. The reason for this choice is based upon the fact that, although only one organisation is being included as a case study, the size of the consumer market is considerable. The intention with the latter is to seek a consensus of opinion from these consumers as to what CRM strategies and tools are most likely to affect their purchasing and loyalty choice and for what reason. The data and information required from these approaches will be amassed through the secondary and primary data collection processes. 3.5. Secondary data collection process Secondary data comprise two areas of research, both of which will have been pre-published and generally available in the public domain. For the first part, this will include publications related to theoretical concepts related to the key elements of CRM and the models and tools developed which are available in books and journals located in either bookstores, libraries or reputable online publishing websites. The second part is the collection of statistics and other external opinions that have been made available from the Office of National Statistics, the OFCOM regulator and other NGO organisations or expert observers. 3.6. Primary data collection process Regarding the collection of primary data, three approaches have been used. The first of these was the case study itself, for which T-Mobiles own website has been used in conjunction with reviews related to the corporation that have been published by other industry observers. However, to appropriate and robustly address the aims and objectives of the dissertation it was also determined that the re was a requirement for the researcher to gather information, opinion and evidence from those considered to have a more intimate involvement with the industry sector . To achieve this situation it was decided to use an approach that combined the use of semi-structured interviews together with consumer surveys . 3.6.1. Semi-structured interviews For the purpose of semi-structure interviews, two employees from the case study corporation were chosen and, in addition, a representative from the OFCOM regulator and a consumer group . The benefit of this approach was that it provided the researcher with the ability to achieve an understanding of the CRM tools and strategies implement by the T-Mobile Corporation, as well as their views and opinion as to the success of these methods. 3.6.2. Questionnaire and survey The questionnaire took the form of an online survey , which was targeted to social networking groups as well as a similar survey conducted at one of T-Mobiles re tail location, where the corporations customers formed the respondents. These surveys, to which only the researcher had access to the results, were aimed at providing a collective consumer view and opinion in relation to the benefits the considered applicable to them from CRM processes. The questionnaire itself was constructed with a range of question styles. From the closed type which was used for responses such as age and gender, to the ‘linert style, which is designed to test the degree to which the consumer agrees or disagrees with a specific statement, with five choice options being available. 3.6.3. Ethical issues within primary research There are issues that need to be appropriately addressed with any primary research. Predominantly, these are related to data and privacy protection. In the design, construction and implementation of the semi-structured and survey used within this particular dissertation the ethical issues were dealt with in the following way. Firstly, as can be seen from the questionnaires, there were no questions that required the divulgence of any person data save for age and gender. In other words, no information of a personal or financial nature was requested. Furthermore, it was made clear to the respondents that their involvement with the survey was a matter of personal choice. With the interviews, again it was confirmed that participation was voluntary and, moreover, that privacy would be protected by not indicating the interviewee by name. In addition, in this case transcripts of the interview were sent to each participant for their agreement prior to the results being included within this study. Therefore, it is considered that the primary research processes have been implemented in a manner that cannot be seen to have caused harm to the respondents and, furthermore, comply with current protection legislation and codes. 3.7. Limitations The limitations that can be seen to potentially affect the ch osen methodology can be described as follows. Concerning the secondary research process, the main concern is to ensure two things. Firstly, it is important to ensure that the data has been collected from reliable sources and is, as far as can be assessed, free from bias or inaccuracies. Secondly, it is also important to ensure that the research relied upon is the most current available. With the primary research, it is equally essential to ensure that bias is not allowed to affect the design in terms of things like questions. In addition, the other limitation is related to the sample size selected for these events. Within reason it is considered that, taking into account the restrictions in relation to issues such as time, cost and geographical locations, the research conducted for secondary and primary purposes has reduced the impact of these limitations to acceptable levels. 3.8. Summary It is the researchers considered opinion that the methodology adopted for this study, as set out within this chapter, was sufficiently robust as to add value to current research into the area of customer relationship management and, in addition, has adequately addressed the aims and objectives.. Chapter 4: Findings and data presentation 4.1. Introduction The findings presented within this chapter include those related directly to the case study data provided in the introductory chapter, as well as the results of the primary interview and questionnaire results. 4.2. Case study and interview findings One factor that has become apparent about T-Mobile and its development over the past few years is that the UK market share for the business has not increased, in other words, if there has been any customer gains, these have been countered by similar levels of losses. This result appears to indicate that, to date at least, the business CRM process is not perhaps as robust as other competitors are, particularly when compared with O2 and Vodafone. However, this view of the CRM process does not appear to be a viewed shared by the two representatives of T-Mobile who took part in the semi-structured interview. 4.2.1. Interview findings The full transcripts of these interviews can be found in appendix 2, where it will be apparent that the majority of the questions were based upon the CRM tools and systems as they related to the online activity of the business. What was clear from the opening question was that all of the interviewees, including the two T-Mobile and two external organisation representatives, were agreed that CRM, when implemented effectively, bring a value to the business, which, as noted, is believed helps build this relationship: â€Å"Yes, I do think that CRM has a value. It has taken a while to realise what that is. However, I believe now that the greatest benefit is that it brings us closer to the customer and, equally important, allows us to respond to them in much less time than was previously the case† (Mr A) The next point of interest was in respect of the implementation process itself. Although accepting that there had been some difficulties in this area, for T-Mobile it was not considered a major issue, which others thought would be the case: â€Å"If you adopt a robust change management strategy for the business, CRM should be no more difficult to implement than any other internal system. True, one can never say that implementation will be perfect but most good corporations should not experience significant difficulties† (Mr C) The next few questions put to the interviewees related specifically to the website, its suitability and ease of use the extent to which it got its message across to the consumer. The responses, as outlined below, were generally positive in all of these areas: â€Å"It certainly gets the product message across and I believe that it is relatively easy to navigate. It also provides a lot of opportunity for customer feedback and discussion, which helps us to keep in touch with their needs† (Ms B) â€Å"From a surfers viewpoint, I would say the T-Mobile site is relatively simple and easy to navigate† (Mr B) â€Å"Obviously, I would say that the main focus of the website in sales orientated. However, in addition to this it is also a ideal vehicle for market research. It helps us to find out how customer needs are changing and that provides us with a basis for future product development† (Mr A) However, a number of the interviewees did notice an issue that needed improvement, which was directly related to the CRM element. This was explained particularly well by one of the external interviewees: â€Å"My personal opinion is that the main issue is in fact the CRM process. Apart from the standard link to contact us, which some consumers are adverse to using, indications as to how the customer can communicate with the business online need to be enhanced, for example , by making access to the discussion forum more visible† (Mr C). In assessing the interviewees perception of the consumer response to the CRM element of the website, this being related to communications and information gathering, the consensus of opinion was that, because of the rise in popularity of social networking, most consumers were not concerned about disclosing information online, providing it was not of a personal or financial nature. However, in return, they did expect to be treated correctly by the company, which as the marketing representative from T-Mobile acknowledged was an area they focused upon managing effectively, as she explained: â€Å"We have dedicated IT people who role it is to ensure that our response to any issues that are raised by customers are dealt with quickly. They may not be able to answer every question, but at least they can respond to the customer and tell them when they will have the answer. Communication is important and the d iscussions allow us to maintain this effectively† (Mr A) With regard to other online activity by T-Mobile, this was confirmed by their representative to be occurring in a number of areas: â€Å"Yes of course. We are on Twitter, which allows us to let people know about new products. Our TV advertising can often be found running on sites like YouTube, which gets the message across to a global audience. Finally, members of our staff are also interactive with other social networking sites† (Mr A) The final aspects of the questions put to the interviewees related to the benefits in cost terms and whether it had improved the customer experience, thereby improving retention and loyalty. In relation to cost, their was agreement that CRM had certainly been beneficial in this respect, both in relation to reducing the cost per customer With regard to the improvement of customer perception, the following is the opinion of the T-Mobile interviewees: â€Å"Obviously, the customer is better placed to answer this question than me. However, from the interactions we have with customers, the general view appears to be that they find the experience of dealing with the company now that it has all the online facilities, much better than in the past† (Mr A). However, as will be shown in the next section, this perception may not actually agree with the reality of the consumers feelings. 4.3. Questionnaires The questionnaire survey was conducted in two parts, with one being carried out online, with the help of T-Mobile, and the other being conducted at two of their retail sites. Full results are attached in appendix one, with the graphical results being used for this section of the dissertation. The total number of respondents was 121 over the three locations, with the age demographics as indicated in table 3. Table 3 Question 1 Please indicate your age group 18-25 19 19 12 50 41.32% 25-40 10 9 5 24 19.83% 40-56 12 8 5 25 20.66% 56 + 8 7 7 22 18.18% The next two questions focused upon the choice of provider and the quality of the phone product (figures 8 and 9). Not surprisingly given the locations, 40% were T-Mobile customer. In relation to the quality of the product, although 60% found these to be average or above, it should be worrying for the providers that such a large percentage were not satisfied with the product. Figure 8 Question 2 Figure 9 Question 3 The following pair of questions focused upon how the respondents used their phones and what had enticed them to buy it in the first place (figures 10 and 11). Text messaging was the main usage, but what was considered interesting was the fact that a very similar percentage used their phone mainly for connection to the Internet, which shows the increasing popularity of online usage for mobile phones. The increase in the online connection with the mobile phones sector is also reflected in the fact that nearly 40% purchased their phones through or because of this medium; with on the spot high street decisions to purchase being relegated into third position behind the enticement of the companys advertising material. Figure 10 Question 4 Figure 11 Question 5 In the first two of the questions that related more direct to the management issues of CRM, it was concerning to note that despite the fact that a reasonably high percentage of consumers were of the opinion that the customer service they received was good (45% approx, figure 12), a slightly larger percentage were of the opposite opinion, and this was reflected in the fact a significant majority indicated that they were not committed to purchasing future products from the same mobile provider (figure 12). Figure 12 Question 6 Figure 13 Question 7 Questions 8 to 10 focused upon the respondents perception of T-Mobiles promotional activity. Another concern arises here for T-Mobile in that the response to the website was not as pos itive as might have been expected (figure 14). In contrast however, there was a very positive response to the companys advertising campaign (figure 15), although it did not appear that either of these promotional activities would make any difference to the consumer buying habits (figure 16). Figure 14 Question 8 Figure 15 Question 9 Figure 16 Question 10 Next, with questions 11 through to 14, the survey focused upon the quality of the product and service provided. Wit h regard to the product (figure 17), Text and Internet fared best and cost worse and this is also evidence in the responses to question13 (figure 19). Figure 17 Question 11 The quality of the provider coverage was also an issue for many of the respondents (figure 18). Figure 18 Question 12 Figure 19 Question 13 Consequently, it was not surprising to find that a reasonable percentage of the sample, were of the opinion that other providers products and services would be better (figure 20). Figure 20 Question 14 One key aspect of CRM is how corporations earn customer loyalty. It is apparent that, for these respondents that, of the areas this element of CRM addresses, the product is the one that is productive in this respect with communication between provider and customer considered as least effective. Figure 21 Question 15 Next the respondents were asked how their provider communicated with them and in this respect the Internet again had a slight edge over other methods (figure 22). This again confirmed the growing importance of the Internet within the mobile phone sectors promotional and customer relationship activities. Figure 22 Question 16 The final two questions (17 and 18) focused again on customer service and the impact that this would have upon consumer retention and loyalty. In the first of the results (figure 23) customer service featured as the lowest element that would attract consumers to a provider and this was reflected in the reit erated evidence that a sizable percentage of the respondents would not commit themselves to remaining with the same provider in the future (figure 24). Figure 23 Question 17 Figure 24 Question 18 4.4 Summary It is apparent from all of the findings that have been presented within this chapter that there is a divergence of views on the effectiveness of CRM between the corporation, as per the interviews, and the external evidence, both statistical and from survey results. It is these differences that will be further discussed in the following chapter. Chapter 5: Analysis and discussion 5.1. Introduction The focus of this dissertation has been to assess and evaluate the effectiveness of CRM processes within a practical environment. The findings disclosed in the previous chapter indicate that, at least in relation to T-Mobile, there are some areas of doubt in this respect, the cause of which forms the basis of this analysis and discussion. 5.2. The effectivene ss of CRM at T-Mobile The findings from the interviews and survey appear, to a certain extent, to contradict each other. For example, while T-Mobile recognises the importance of CRM, as have others that have featured in the literature review, and the management believe it is achieving the desired objective, this is not the perception of the consumer. The survey respondents perception is that, in at least two of the key areas that CRM is intended to make a positive contribution to customer retention and loyalty, there appear to be failures. These are customer service and interactive communication. Clearly, the respondents do not believe that the communication process is as effective in this case as academic theory has suggested it should be and is therefore not delivering to customer satisfaction. Perhaps part of the cause for this could be said to be related to the structure of the companys website. There is agreement amongst the interviewees that the link to the discussi on forum on T-Mobiles website is not immediately apparent. With the average time consumers spend looking for such detail on a site being measured in seconds; this could be perceived as a major drawback to this site achieving the clarity of function and message that is recommended for best practice. Similarly, this defect might also be partly responsible for the fact that the quality of customer service has received such an adverse response in the survey. If customers believe they are not being listened to and their needs and demands are not being satisfied, they more likely to migrate to other competitors, which is what appears to be happening in the case of T-Mobile. At the very least, this migration is matching the level of new customers being attracted to the company. Consequently, as has been evidenced from the lack of increase in market share, it can be concluded that the CRM policy and strategy is not being implemented in a manner that is enabling T-Mobile to achieve a competitive advantage over other corporations operating within this industry sector. 5.3. Summary Based upon the previously presented findings and these brief discussions of the issues, it is considered that T-Mobile has to implement changes to its current CRM processes. These are required as part of an effort to improve the level of consumer retention and loyalty to a position where it will result in the company achieving a more sustainable position of continuing growth of its UK market share. Recommendations related to these changes are presented within the concluding chapter of this dissertation. Chapter 6: Conclusion and recommendations 6.1. Introduction In concluding this research project and the case study related to T-Mobile, it is now possible to resolve the propositions that were set out within the introductory chapter and also to present recommendations related to the improvements required by the company as well as future research. 6.2. Propositions The initial propositions set were as follows: 1. That CRM tools are having the effect of increasing customer loyalty to the T Mobile brand and improving repurchasing levels. 2. That the marketing department at T Mobile have been successful in introducing innovative CRM tools which has provided the corporation to achieve a competitive advantage over its main competitors within the mobile phone sector. The statistical market share evidence and the results of the survey conducted during this study indicate that the first proposition has not been proven. The companys market share position has remained stagnant during the past five years at least. Furthermore, it has failed to sufficiently convince consumers that it is a corporation with whom they can build a robust relationship. Certainly, this applies in relation to the currently level of CRM being sufficient to both offset consumer losses and increase market share. Regarding the second proposition, there is some evid ence that some benefits have been derived from the innovative use of CRM within the marketing department, particularly in relation to the companys current advertising campaigns. Nonetheless, here again it is apparent that, taken in isolation, this success has not been sufficient to provide impetus for market share growth. 6.3. Recommendations The recommendations that are being made relate to two areas, these being improvements to CRM suggested for T-Mobile and considerations for future research. 6.3.1 T-Mobile There is a need to redesign and re-launch the company website, with particular attention being focused upon promoting the business discussion forum and links to other online social networking activities, in a prominent position. This promotion should be apparent irrespective of the page of the website that consumers might visit. It is recommended that the business conduct a comprehensive programme of market research, covering both existing and potential cons umers. The aim of this should be to assess the consumers perception of concern in relation to the potential relationship with the company so that these can be addressed and incorporated into a revised CRM and marketing strategy. 6.3.2. Future research It is recommended that further research in this market sector, using other competitors for case study purposes would add value to the results of this dissertation. In the first place it will identify whether there are specific issues related to CRM success which occur in a saturated market sector if so, how these manifest themselves. It is further recommended that similar research should be conducted with other industries and their sectors. The purpose of this is to ascertain to what extent, if any, the CRM approach to the Mobile phone sector warrants a more focused approach to CRM practices that is the case in other sectors. 4. Summary It could be considered that the size of sampling used within the primary researc h for this dissertation is low and therefore might not be representative of the wider market. However, it is considered that the support provided for these findings from external statistical analysis of the market serves to confirm these findings. It is therefore concluded that the findings add value to the discussion relating to the effectiveness of CRM and also serves to highlight the issues that arise if the CRM practices are not implemented and managed in a robust and efficient manner. Bibliography Arnold D (1992). The Handbook of Brand Management. London: Century Business Bagozzi, Richard P. Gurhan-Canli, Zeynep and Priester, Joseph R (2002). The Social Pyschology of Consumer Behaviour. Buckingham: Open University Press Bailey, Craig (2005). Unlocking the Value of Your Customer Satisfaction Surveys. CRM Today, May 2005. Bruhn, Manfred (2006). Service Marketing: Managing the Service Value Chain. Harlow: Pearson Education Buttle, Francis (2004). Customer Rela tionship Managements. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann Cellnet (2010), The History of T-Mobile, Available from: https://www.celtnet.org.uk/telecos/T-mobile.php [Accessed 1 November 2010] Denscombe, M (2008). The Good Research Guide: For Small-scale Research Projects. Buckingham: Open University Press Durgee, J.F. (1999). Deep soulful satisfaction. Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction and Complaining Behaviour, 12, 53 – 63. Evans, Martin. Jamal, Ahmed and Foxall, Gordon (2006). Consumer Behaviour. Chichester: John Wiley Sons Ltd Fournier, S. (1998). Consumers and their brands: developing relationship theory in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research. Vol. 24. pp.343 – 373. Gilligan, Colin and Wilson, Richard M. S (2004). Strategic Marketing Management: Planning, Implementation and Control. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Grant. Robert M (2005). Contemporary Strategy Analysis. 5th edition, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Gr eenberg, Paul (2009), CRM at the speed of Light, 4th Ed. New York: McGraw Hill Gurau, C., Ranchhod, A and Hackney, H (2003), Customer Centric strategic planning: Integrating CRM in online business systems. Information Technology and Management, Vol.4, pp.199-214 Harvard Business Review (2001) Harvard Business Review on Customer Relationship Management, Boston: Harvard Business Review Johnson, Gerry., Scholes, Kevan and Whittington, Richard (2007). Exploring Corporate Strategy. London: FT Prentice Hall Kelly, Sean. (2005). Customer intelligence From Data to Dialogue. Chichester: John Wiley Sons Ltd Kolter, Philip. Wong, Veronica., Saunders John A and Armstrong, Gary (2004). Principles of Marketing. 4th European edition, London: Pearson Education Ltd Kolter, Phillip (2002). Marketing Management. 11th edition. London: FT Prentice Hall Kracklauer, Alexander H., Mills, Daniel, Q and Seifert (2003). Collaborative Customer Relationship Management: Taking CRM to the N ext Level. New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Lancaster, Geoffrey and Massingham (2001). MarketingManagement. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Nguyen, T.H., Sherif, J.S and Newbym M (2007), Strategies for successful CRM implementation, Vol/15, No.2, pp.102-115 OFCOM (2010), The communications market 2010, Available from: https://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/market-data-research/market-data/communications-market-reports/cmr10/ [Accessed 6 November 2010] Oliver, R.L. (1999). Whence consumer loyalty? Journal of Marketing, 63 (Special Issue), pp.33 – 44. Oliver, R.L., Rust, R.T., Varki, S. (1997). Customer delight: foundations, findings, and managerial insight. Journal of Retailing, 73, 311 – 36. ONS (2010) Consumer durables, Available from: https://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=868 [Accessed 3 November 2010] Payne, Adrian (2006), Handbook of CRM, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Payne, A and Frow, P (2005), A strategic framework for customer relationship management, Journal of Marketing, Vol.69, pp.167-176 Porter, Michael E (2004). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analysing Industries and Competitors. New York: Free Press Reichheld, F. and Sasser, W. (1990) Zero defects: quality comes to services. Harvard Business Review, Sept-Oct, 1990, pp 105-111 Reinartz, W., Krafft, M and Hoyer, W, D (2004), The customer relationship management process: Its measurement and impact on performance, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol.151, pp.293-305 Rigby, D (2004), Management tools survey 2003: Usage up as companies strive to make headway in tough times, Strategy Leadership, Vol.31, No.5, pp.4-11 Riley, M. Wood, R, C. Clark, M, A. Wilkie, E. Szivas, E. (2000) Researching and Writing Dissertation in Business and Management. Thompson Learning Saunders, M. Lewis, P. Thornhill, A. (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Shimp, T.A., Madden, T.J. (1988). Consumer -object relations: a conceptual framework based analogously on Stermbergs triangular theory of love. In: Houston M.J. (ed), Advances in consumer research, Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, vol. 15 pp. 163 – 168. Steward, D. W. Kamins, M. A. (1993), Secondary Research: Information Sources and Methods, 2nd Edition, London: Sage Publications T Mobile (2010) About T Mobile, Available from: https://www.t-mobile.co.uk/services/about-t-mobile/ [Accessed 3 November 2010] Thomson, M., McGinnis, D.J., Park, C.W. (2005). The ties that bind: measuring the strength of consumers emotional attachment to brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 15, 77 – 91. Verhoef, P.S (2003), Understanding the effect of customer relationship management efforts on customer retention and customer share development, Journal of Marketing, Vol.69, pp.30-45 Zaltman, Jerry (2003) How Customers Think. Essential Insights into the mind of the market. Boston: Harvard Business Sch ool Press Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Case Study Of T Mobile CRM Marketing Department" essay for you Create order

What are the implications for a firm that does not conduct CSR - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2595 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Critical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Critically discuss Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). What are the implications for a firm that does not conduct CSR? Date authored: 08 th August, 2014. This essay will commence with showing that a definition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is required and will then provide a definition and an indication of the scope. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What are the implications for a firm that does not conduct CSR?" essay for you Create order CSR will then be broken down into groupings and each looked at from a company perspective to show the advantages of CSR and risks when not using CSR. Companies have a choice; and the implications of not conducting CSR will also be considered. There is very little legislature on the subject of CSR. The nearest available is environmental standards in the UK and Internationally by the International Organisation for Standardization (ISO). (ISO 14000, 2006). The newer Social Responsibility standards (ISO 26000, 2010) are only guidelines, with no fixed rules or framework for an organisation to certify to the standards. It is no surprise, therefore, that many companies define CSR in their own way, and thus can set their own objectives which they can easily attain. When it is born in mind that CSR can have such a wide range of practices that support it, it is easy for a company to pick and choose what it does. So, for a discussion of CSR, a single consistent definition is required . The definition that will be used here is from the European Commissions 2011-14 corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy, which defines CSR as â€Å"a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interactions with stakeholders on a voluntary basis† (UK Government, 2014: 3). According to the Business Minister, Jenny Willott, MP â€Å"Corporate responsibility is at the heart of successful businesses.† (Willott, 2014). That means that it refers to a set of actions performed by a company, over and above its normal business, that contributes towards sustainable development. Corporate Social Responsibility can include a wide range of factors, from ethical and fair trade to reputation and brand management. The UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE, 2014) identifies additional issues as part of CSR, including animal welfare, diversity and equal opportunities, community investment, giving aid to local organisations and communities in developing countries and helping to build the skills of the local people through community based development. CSR can affect goodwill, employment practices, expansion, stakeholders, company standards, company strategy and much more. One survey on the main reasons that companies engage in CSR puts top management interest as the number one reason, with company reputation, profit, customers expectation and attracting employees following close behind (Habisch, et al., 2005). It is usual to identify these factors in a good light (as a bonus to the companies) and it is common to see CSR statements in companies annual reports and glossy handouts. However this can draw attention to a companys practices and can be disastrous when non socially-responsible practices are exposed in the media. For example Nike when they were accused of using child labour in the production of its soccer balls in Pakistan. (Urip, 2011). Note that Nike went through a huge transformation as a result and are now considered an industry leader in the area of CSR (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2013). So CSR has a very wide remit. Buy why should companies take on CSR? To analyse this, it is necessary to group all the parts of CSR so that each one does not have to discussed individually. For the grouping, we use Schwartz (2011), who breaks down CSR into three distinct parts; these being legal, economic, and ethical. Each of these will be addressed in turn. Addressing those parts of CSR which are covered by UK law, there is limited legislation in the UK on the subject of CSR. One reference is in section 172 of the companies Act, where it says: â€Å"A director of a company must act in the way he considers, in good faith, would be most likely to promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members as a whole, and in doing so have regard (amongst other matters) to †¦ the impact of the companys operations on the community and the environment† (Companies Act, 2006). Other countries have more strict legislation, for example in Denmark, there has been an obligation for larger businesses to consider and report on CSR since 2009 (Gorrissen Federspiel, 2014). In California, large manufacturers and retailers have to disclose what actions they are taking to address the risks of human trafficking and forced labour in their supply chains (Altschuller, 2011). It is clear that non-compliance with any legal requirements (whether CSR or otherwise) carries great risk and can cause the company to be prosecuted and potentially put out of business. The economic issues would appear to make sense in that when following a CSR practice, the company can also save money, which translates to increased profit. One example is hotels that allow you to choose between reusing your towel and having it replaced depending on where you leave it after you have used it. This can save the hotel water and electricity t o wash it, while still offering the guest the choice (McElhaney, 2008). However where Pernecky and Là ¼ck (2013) suggest holding Virtual Meetings rather than physical meetings, thus saving travel, meals, hotels, etc. looks like it is a CSR policy that just saves money. However it is important to measure whether the virtual meetings attain the required objectives. Thus it is not always obvious which practices will lead to economic advantages, or which economic CSR approaches will meet the requirements of the business. The ethical issues, such as a company taking a CSR approach without having to or clearly having economic benefits can also be used to gain positive publicity (Idowu Filho, 2009), which can raise the image of the company, thus providing longer term benefits, such as increased goodwill. Idowu Filho go on to say that this can be used for marketing to show that the company is ahead of its rivals due to its CSR approach. One advantage of CSR is brand demarcat ion. Many companies look for something which will set them apart from the competition. For example the Excel centre, a large conference venue near Canary Wharf in London has achieved six awards relating to CSR, for example The Sunday Times â€Å"Best Green Companies† award (Excel, 2014). If a company is looking for a conference venue in London, and Excel is implementing CSR whereas another venue is not, this gives the client a reason to select Excel, and something extra the company can say on its marketing. So it is an advantage for Excel to support CSR which can lead to directly affecting the bottom line. Local support and getting licences can be made easier for a company if it has a CSR policy. Such a company is seen locally as a good company and this can improve how the company is seen by locals and can help to provide support for the companys plans where local support is an advantage (e.g. a new building, opening late into the night). Having a CSR policy which is implemented and draws peoples attention to it can help to distract the public from other things that could have negative implications for a company. For example if a company have very high board members pay, this can lower the publics view of the company. However if the company is seen to put the environment first, and it puts resources directly into supporting this, this can overshadow the board members pay (Grayson Hodges, 2004). A company that has a CSR policy throughout the company can improve the staffs attachment to the company. They believe that their work partly helps the community and can do much to improve morale. Also they may be keener to participate in events such as fundraising which they may do in their own time and gain the company goodwill whilst costing the company nothing (ibid). There is a trend moving towards CSR (Fiorina, 2003). With national and international standards on CSR related issues becoming more common, and laws likely to follow, ther e is a large bonus in getting CSR well embedded in a company before a law demands it. When laws are passed, this puts a fixed timescale on the changes to CSR. This can cause CSR to be implemented at an inopportune time, and a time when other companies are doing the same, and potentially costing many times more. However the situation is not all good. There are considered to be disadvantages of CSR and these must be understood and addressed before a company implements CSR. There are those who say that the sole purpose of a business is to make money (e.g. Friedman, 1970). Anything that detracts from that is considered to be a distraction from the businesss core function. This can make share-holders get fewer dividends because the company is involved in a scheme which costs money and resources to implement but does not directly add to the bottom line. This point can be countered by a company implementing CSR policies in order to reduce excessive inputs and wastes in their suppl y chain, which saves them money (Idowu Louche, 2011). To take a more recent example, the Commission for Green Tax Reform in Portugal put forward a proposal on 9th July 2014 for a package of environmental taxes. These would include additional taxes on fuel, air travel and the use of plastic bags (Lomas, 2014). In fact, Fleming Jones (2012) claim that CSR is fatally compromised and, when applied to large multinational corporations, does more harm than good. The claim says that many companies are not taking CSR seriously and only implement a few measures that help them make money and stop there rather than implementing a comprehensive CSR approach. One question is whether a companys CSR policy should also apply to all of its suppliers down the line. One example of this was in 2012 when Tazreen Fashions factory, a clothing making factory in Bangladesh caught fire and caused the death of 112 workers. The working conditions were appalling. This reflected badly on their custom ers, such as Wal-Mart and Sears, who sold products made in this factory. In the investigation, it was revealed that neither Wal-Mart nor Sears even knew that the products they sold were being made in this factory (Crane and Matten, 2012). However in general, CSR is becoming more and more important. If we just take environmental issues as an example, Bowdin, et al. (2006) shows that considerations of environmental issues are increasingly paramount. Without a set of standards there are no requirements from the government or standards organisations on implementation. Although there are demands from customers for CSR values (ibid), and as has been shown, the benefits are considerable, it falls to the companies themselves to implement CSR. And within the companies, it falls to the management of the company to set a CSR policy and use it to guide them throughout their company. If management plan and implement a CSR policy, it can be rewarded. For example some companies have C SR targets and executives who deliver or exceed these targets are rewarded (Horrigan, 2010). Alternatively, CSR can be built into the plan right from the start. An example of this is the Olympics, where a philosophy is so much built into the Olympic Games that it is built into their charter. (International Olympic Committee, 2014). As has been shown after mistakes such as at Nike, it can be critical to implement CSR policy throughout the organisation. Failure to do this can cause problems that can greatly affect the companys goodwill and thus its sales. All showing that a CSR philosophy can be vital for organisations and actually implementing the philosophy can lead to rewards whereas failure can lead to disaster. These days, all major companies have a CSR statement (Musafer, 2014). And their CSR statement is being looked at to see if it is really authentic or just superficial. Musafer (ibid) also claims that if a company is not implementing CSR in a genuine way, it ca n be very damaging to that company. To summarise, although CSR is not a panacea for any company, there are many CSR options that can be taken by companies which would benefit their company. In addition a failure to implement CSR approaches can be costly. However each company procedure should be considered as to whether it best suits the company to take a CSR approach depending on the costs and benefits (or risks). (2,070 [A4] words) Altschuller, S. A. (2011) Trafficking in Supply Chains, Inside Supply Management, issue October – November 2011 Bowdin G., Allen, J., OToole, W., Harris, R., McDonnell, I. (2006) Events Management 2nd Edition, Elsevier Ltd Companies Act (2006) Companies Act 2006: Part 10: Chapter 2: The general duties: Section 172 Available from www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/46/section/172 [Accessed 1 August 2014] Crane Matten (2012) An informed and thought-provoking analysis of what lies behind the headlines and headaches of business ethics and corporate social responsibility Available from https://craneandmatten.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/top-10-corporate-responsibility-stories.html [Accessed 3 August 2014] ExCeL (2014) ExCeL Londons Sustainability Policy . Available from https://www.excel-london.co.uk/about-excel/excel-and-the-environment [Accessed 2 August 2014] Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich J. Ferrell, L. (2013) Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making Cases Mason, Ohio: South Western Cengage Learning Fiorina, C. (2003) â€Å"Business for Social Responsibility Conference, November 12, 2003)† [Cited in Kottler, P. Lee, N. (2005) Corporate Social Responsibility, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc.] Fleming, P. Jones, M. (2012) The End of Corporate Social Responsibility: Crisis and Critique London: Sage Publications Friedman, M. (1970) â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits† New York: The New York Times Magazine Gorrissen Federspiel (2014) Specialisation: Compliance CSR Available from www.gorrissenfederspiel.com/uk/site.aspx?p=516 [Accessed 1 August 2014] Grayson, D. Hodges, A. (2004) Corporate Social Responsibility! Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing Habisch, A., Jonker, J., Wegner, M. Schmidpeter, R. (2005) Corporate Social Responsibility Across Europe Heidelberg: Springer Horrigan, B. (2010) Corporate Social Responsibility in the 21st Century: Debates, Models and Practices Across Government, Law and Business Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd HSE: Health and Safety Executive (2014) Meeting your Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Available from www.hse.gov.uk/stress/furtheradvice/meetresponsibility.htm [Accessed 2 August 2014] Idowu, S. O. Filho, W. L. (2009) Global Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility Heidelberg: Springer Idowu, S. O. Louche, C. (2011) Theory and Practice of Corporate Social Responsibility Heidelberg: Springer International Olympic Committee (2014) Olympic Charter . Available from https://www.olympic.org/olympic-charter/documents-reports-studies-publications [Accessed 3 August 2014] ISO 14000 , ISO 14000 Environmental management. Available from https://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/management-standards/iso14000.htm [Accessed 3 August 2014] ISO 26000 , ISO 26000:2010 Guidance on social responsibility. Available from https://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=42546 [Accessed 1 August 2014] Lomas, U. (2014) Green Tax Reform Proposed In Portugal Available from https://www.tax-news.com/news/Green_Tax_Reform_Proposed_In_ Portugal____65250.html [Accessed 1 August 2014] McElhaney, K. (2008) Just Good Business: The Strategic Guide to Aligning Corporate Responsibility and Brand San Francisco: Berrett-Koekler Publishers, Inc. Musafer, S. (2014) Corporate social responsibility: Measuring its value Available from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19876138 [Accessed 1 August 2014] Pernecky, T. Là ¼ck, M. (2013) Events, Society and Sustainability: Critical and Contemporary Approaches Abingdon: Routledge Schwartz, M. S. (2011) Corporate Social Responsibility: An Ethical Approach London: Broadview Press UK Government (2014) , Corporate Responsibility, Available from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/300265/bis-14-651-good-for-business-and-society-government-response-to-call-for-views-on-corporate-responsibility.pdf [Accessed 1 August 2014] Urip, S. (2011) CSR Strategies: Corporate Social Responsibility for a Competitive Edge in Emerging Markets Singapore : John Wiley Sons Willott, J . (2014) Corporate responsibility is at the heart of successful businesses Available from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/corporate-responsibility-is-at-the-heart-of-successful-businesses-willott [Accessed 2 August 2014]

Television Shows and Offensive Language - 1038 Words

Offensive language is a part of television that has increased dramatically over the past decades. Public television shows such as Family Guy, Southpark, The Office, Tosh.0 and countless others are riddled with offensive jokes that target nearly every group of people on the planet. With so much offensive language it is hard not to question whether or not this is completely changing how offensive media is perceived outside of the media. These shows have jokes that use negative stereotypes on almost all races. Often times they ridicule minority groups, by portraying them with this negative stereotypes. This research proposal is very important because with the extremely high popularity of some of these shows with offensive language, and how public they are, it could be affecting the younger generation into believing that this is acceptable. We know that this could be a problem because of theories in media such as the Cultivation Theory, Social Learning Theory, and Perceived Reality . My research question is how does watching television with offensive language affect the viewing audience when they hear offensive language outside of the television shows. Specifically my research would target high school students who watch one or more television shows with offensive language, and how acceptable they believe offensive language to be inside and outside of these shows. It is important to view the high school students, because they are the future parents and leaders of theShow MoreRelatedThe Media’s Decreasing Morals As Seen Through Television Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesThe Media’s Decreasing Morals as Seen Through Television In today’s world, it is not rare to walk into the living room and witness a man being violently shot in the head†¦in a television set. The general public seems to be constantly asking themselves where morality and values on television have gone. Taking a look back in time, it is easy to point out how violence in the media is much more evident than it was fifty years ago. Both in the past and now, the media has an ethical duty concerning theRead MoreWhatever Hapenned to Morality and Values on Television1206 Words   |  5 PagesI walked into my living room, plopped down on the couch and picked up my television remote. When I turned on the television I arrived just in time to witness a man being violently shot in the head as a product of a drive by shooting. To my dissatisfaction, I quickly changed the channel to the supposedly child friendly Cartoon Network to view a more decent program. Unfortunately, not even Cartoon Network could save me from the hideous and gruesome truth of the society need for violence. The creaturesRead MoreBook Censorship: Good or Bad? Essay871 Words   |  4 Pagesvariety of reasons. Several of these reasons, which include protecting children and omitting offensive material, are not only arbitrary but are without merit. This is because sheltering children is not beneficial to the children, and also it is impossible to shelter kids without resorting to isolation. Also, it’s not possible to screen out offensive material in books because all material is potentially offensive. The escalating trend of censoring information in books is not only an impossible task, butRead MoreCensorship and Indecency in Media928 Words   |  4 Pagesas the â€Å"language that describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards for the broadcast medium, sexual or excretory activities and organs, at times of the day when there is a reasonable that children may be in the audience† (438 U.S. 726)). By â€Å"community standards† FCC means the standard â€Å"of an average broadcast viewer or listener and not the sensibilities of any individual complaint† (Greg Skall 2). To determine if something is â€Å"patently offensive† the FCCRead MoreThe Information You Need If You Want to Be a News Anchor769 Words   |  3 Pageslike me, you think you can talk about everything and anything pertaining to the news, this is incorrect. Every show has regulations set by the Government. This goes for television, radio, newspaper, magazines and even for the internet. If any sort of media fails to abide by these rules, it is easy for the company to be sued or the network to become canceled. If you are part of the â€Å"television crowd† and want to go into this career cluster, this information would be very helpful to know. Cross- OwnershipRead MoreWhy the Gossip Girl Series Has Been Banned1006 Words   |  5 Pagesof the most challenged books in the 21st century is The Giver by Lois Lowry (100 Most). The novel, The Absolutely True Story of a Part-Time Indian by Sheman Alexie was banned in high school in Oregon because a parent complained that the book was offensive (Doyle, 3). There are many reasons why books get challenged and/or banned. According to Robert Doyle, the main reasons for banned are sex, profanity, and racism (Doyle, 3). The most common initiator of the challenge is a parent or group of parentsRead MoreMedia Effects On Children And Adolescents1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe world that we lived in is all surrounding with media, people use the media every day and everything; such as watching television, using the computer, and talking on the phone. On the media we could learn and find out the information that we need. And we can also share our personal information on the media. Media gives us a lot of convenient in our life, but there are also some negative impacts. Media has a lot of negative impacts which it could be affected on children and adolescents. The articleRead MoreCulture Shock Is Real, Ethnic Or Age Group1049 Words   |  5 PagesI saw on television, and the differences between these two unique countries. The United States media especially portrays Africa as a country instead of a continent, they show malnourished children on television begging for food to eat and water to drink. This image gives everyone who is watching a false sense of how great Africa is. Robert Moore’s article â€Å"racism in the English Language† explains that often using words like â€Å"natives† to describe Africans can be degrading and offensive. Africa isRead More Television Censorship Essay522 Words   |  3 PagesTelevision Censorship Censorship in television is a very debatable topic in today’s media and social realms. Nowadays what is considered appropriate by many may actually be considered explicit or unsuitable by the people in charge. Some may wonder ‘who is deemed so highly that they can decide what is and is not appropriate to watch. The FCC (Federal Communications Commission) is ‘responsible for administratively enforcing the law that governs what is and is not appropriate. Within this articleRead MoreIn this book, the author Brian Cogan discusses the most controversial television shows in history,1400 Words   |  6 PagesIn this book, the author Brian Cogan discusses the most controversial television shows in history, South Park. He discusses how South Park even though seems simple it is a very thoughtful program on television that discusses many social issues. The creators of South Park, Trey Parker and Matt Stone created a social and political commentary that has been the most suc cessful in television history. Cogan discusses how South Park is a commentary on American culture that is focused around controversial

Anthropogenic Global Warming - 1356 Words

Introduction Anthropogenic Global Warming Many consider global warming to be the largest threat that faces the earth today. This is just the opposite as we could not survive without global warming! The topic for this speech will be whether or not there is an imminent threat of Anthropogenic (or manmade global warming) at the end of my speech I would like the audience to develop the truce perspective on the issues of manmade global warming. This will be done through a small representation of the facts related to manmade global warming. To have a better understanding of what we’re exactly talking about in regards to the manmade global warming we will look at this chart. (See chart) The atmosphere is divided into four parts, 78% is in†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Polar bears and some seal species will become extinct within the next 10 years(Al Gore The Inconvenient Truth 2006 documentary) What causes people to oppose anthropogenic global warming? The premise for anthropogenic global warming on the surface appears to be a plausible one. Humans through their need for fossil fuels take CO2 from underground and release it into the atmosphere where the sun’s ray’s heat the CO2 gases and generate more heat, the more CO2 we put into the atmosphere, the more the planet warms up. The fact is if we add up all of the manmade CO2 gases the percentages are quite small. We can see this percentage in the chart below as 1.0% of manmade contribution to global warming. With the greatest effect on the earth’s climate contributed to water vapor at 95%. Anthropogenic (man-made) Contribution to the Greenhouse Effect, expressed as % of Total (water vapor INCLUDED) Based on concentrations (ppb) adjusted for heat retentionShow MoreRelatedEssay on Anthropogenic Global Warming2241 Words   |  9 PagesThe issues surrounding Global Warming or Anthropogenic Warming introduce several different hypotheses. One is the Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW) hypotheses which has become the most looked at theory. It supports the claim that climate change is due largely in part because of human activities. It also claims that human activity will eventually bring the world to an end. While the AGW is being argued there is also the issue of what is called the Kyoto Protocol which many scientists have urged theRead MoreGlobal Warming And Climate Change1713 Words   |  7 PagesDefining the Issue Global warming is defined as the recent increase in the world s temperature that is believed to be caused by the increase of certain gases (such as carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere. There are many different theories on whether global warming is similar or not to climate change. Simplistically, climate change is different because climate change is defined as a change in global or regional climate patterns or, in particular, a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwardsRead MoreThe Effect Of Temperature Increases Due On Anthropogenic Warming Change The Probability Of Precipitation Deficits That Cause Severe Drought Conditions? Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The purpose of this article by Diffenbaugh et.al. is to determine how temperature increases due to anthropogenic warming change the probability of precipitation deficits that cause severe drought conditions, and determine what the conditions will look like in the future. They used historical precipitation and temperature data with Palmer Drought Metrics and global climate models to attempt to answer this question. It was found that in the past twenty years, the frequency of drought yearsRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Climate Change1405 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal warming, also referred to as climate change, has become a major political topic within recent years. Essentially, a controversial debate exists regarding the causes and subsequent impacts of global warming. Nevertheless, the current consensus by most experts is that evidence unequivocally supports the measurable impacts of global warming, such as increased temperatures, melting ice, etc. A literature revie w will be conducted in order to present scientific evidence that illustrates the impactsRead MoreThe Debate On Global Warming1239 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversy concerning global warming. The controversy takes the form of public debate that centers on five issues (Mazo 30). The first issue is whether or not global warming is occurring. The second issue is whether global warming is real and extent it has occurred in the recent decades. The third question relates to the causes of global warming. The fourth question centers on the effects of global warming. The fifth question is whether any action needs to be taken to contain global warming. The author concursRead MoreGlobal Climate Change. Marc E. Wiltfong. Sec 510 – Position1581 Words   |  7 Pages Global Climate Change Marc E. Wiltfong SEC 510 – Position Paper 1 Faculty: Dr. Danielle Camacho Southern New Hampshire University Date: February 05, 2017 â€Æ' Global Climate Change Summary of the issue: Is climate change caused by mankind or is it simply a natural occurrence? If the answer were as easy as â€Å"yes, it is 100% caused by humans,† or â€Å"no it’s not at all caused by humans,† there would be very little room for argument. Two questions need to be investigated: 1) Is it probable thatRead MoreGlobal Warming Is Just A Natural Cycle?962 Words   |  4 PagesWhat if global warming is just a natural cycle? This argument is, perhaps, one of the most common raised by the average person, rather than someone who makes a career out of denying climate change. Cyclical variations in climate are well-known to the public; we all studied the ice ages in school. However, climate isn t inherently cyclical. A common misunderstanding of the climate system characterizes it like a pendulum. The planet will warm up to cancel out a previous period of cooling, spurredRead MoreGlobal Warming And Climate Change1131 Words   |  5 PagesPresident†). Warming temperatures caused by anthropogenic climate change have disastrous consequences that pose a threat to humanity and the environment. Scientists have given numerous warnings that human-caused, or anthropogenic, climate change is not only occurring now, but accelerating more quickly than predicted (Maibach, Myers, and Leiserowitz 295). Global warming contributes to climate change as a result of the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere (â€Å"Global Warming†). The levelRead MoreSummary : Finding On Ipcc Summary757 Words   |  4 PagesIPCC Summary for Policymakers, warming of the climate system is happening without a doubt, many of the observed changes have never happened before over decades to millennia and these changes were specially noted since the 1950’s. The consequences of these changes are reflected on the atmosphere and ocean which have warmed up, snow and ice have diminished around the globe, sea level has risen, and ultimately the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased. Warming of the atmosphere was noted overRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1371 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscuss the processes that lead to climate change and strategies that can be used to address this issue. In order to comprehend how human activities contribute towards climate change and global warming, we have to truly understand the science behind this phenomenon. First of all we need to clarify what anthropogenic climate change means. This refers to the change in the amount of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere as a result of unsustainable human activity. Greenhouse gases and aerosols

A New Design Based Software Coupling Metric Free Essays

string(136) " conjugate objects besides provides extra complexnesss between objects further increasing the boundlessly hard job of proving a system\." A New Design Based Software Coupling Metric img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1225352.div class="phdessay__article-cta" We will write a custom essay sample on A New Design Based Software Coupling Metric or any similar topic only for you Order Now 001.png"ABsTRaNutmeg State—Thymineheincreasinanogramdemandfield-grade officerRsofttungstenarhenium QUalitymvitamin EasUrvitamin Emvitamin ENational Trusts HasledTOvitamin EtenTnutsIVvitamin ERvitamin Esvitamin EaRdegree CelsiussHIntosofttungstenarheniummvitamin ETRhode Islanddegree CelsiusssaneodymiumTheDelawaresVELOPmvitamin ENTOdegree FahrenheitsOdegree FahrenheitTtungstenarheniummvitamin ETricexcessivelycubic decimeters.CReating degree CelsiusOmPONvitamin ENational TruststungstenhicharheniumRvitamin EUsable issvitamin Evitamin ENasONeOdegree FahrenheitThebesT Pradegree CelsiussTiceininvitamin DUsTrytovitamin Day.ThymineOdegree CelsiussRvitamin Eatvitamin ERvitamin EUsabledegree CelsiussOmPONvitamin ENational TrustsThe depenvitamin Dvitamin Ency beTtungstenvitamin Evitamin ENvitamin Eachdegree CelsiussOmPONvitamin ENational TrustsHOuldbeascubic decimeterOtungstenas POUS Secret ServiceIBlupus erythematosus.Hydrogenencvitamin E,TOmaintainhighQUalitysofttungstenaRvitamin E, deV vitamin Ecubic decimeterOpers needTOsTRhode IslandVvitamin Efield-grade officerRacubic decimeterOtungsten–degree CelsiussOUPledaneodymiumHIghlydegree CelsiussOhesIVvitamin EDelawaressIgN.Holmiumtungstenvitamin EVvitamin ER,asmnutTIOnedbymaNew YorkRvitamin Esvitamin EaRdegree Celsiusshers,degree CelsiussOUPcubic decimeterInanogramaneodymiums cOhesIONmvitamin ETRhode Islanddegree Celsiussscubic decimeterackfield-grade officerRmacubic decimeteraneodymiumsTaNvitamin Dardized Delawaresdegree FahrenheitinITIONaneodymiumTHUsfield-grade officerRvitamin Eachmvitamin ETricThereismOrheniumTHaNONeinterpretatION.ThymineHIsPaperINational TrustRovitamin DUdegree Celsiussvitamin EsOUrVIelectronic warfareOdegree Fahrenheitmvitamin EasUrvitamin EmentOdegree Fahrenheitdegree CelsiussOUPcubic decimeterInanogramfield-grade officerRJavaProjvitamin Edegree CelsiussTsaneodymiumOUrImPcubic decimetervitamin EmnutcheapnessIONaPPRoach.COUPLiNgmvitamin ETRhode Islanddegree Celsiusssarheniumdegree Celsius salculaterectile dysfunctionaTchlorineasslupus erythematosusVELbydegree CelsiussONsideringThe rvitamin Ecubic decimeteratIONshelloPs beTtungstenvitamin Evitamin ENThemvitamin ETHOvitamin DsOdegree FahrenheitchlorineaUS Secret ServiceEs.AluminumsO,itis hundredOmPaRvitamin Evitamin DtungstenithEastern Timeablisheddegree CelsiussOUPLiNgmvitamin ETricCalciferolIThymine,aneodymiumitisfield-grade officerUNvitamin DTHaTPrOPOserectile dysfunctionmvitamin ETricIsmOrhenium Rvitamin ELiaBlupus erythematosusaneodymiumadegree Celsiussdegree CelsiussUratvitamin E. INvitamin Dex Terms—COUPLiNg,ChlorineassDisilverRam,maintenance,DIThymine,softtungstenarheniumQUalitY. I.INTRODUCTION The term â€Å"coupling† was foremost used in package technology by Stevens et Al. [ 1 ] in the yearss when structured scheduling was the norm. It was defined as â€Å"the step of the strength of association established by a connexion from one faculty to another† . In the context of object-oriented design, yoke is seen in footings of how one category is connected to another. Matching indicates the dependence of a category on the other category. High dependence may diminish reusability of the category and increase care attempt. A turning figure of dependences indicate an increasing likeliness for the functionality of the category to be broken by alterations made to other categories. Changes in one category might take to ruffle consequence. Besides, high yoke will take to more testing attempts and more clip spent on proving. Low yoke and high coherence facilitate comprehension activities, proving attempts, reuse, and care undertakings. Hence, there is a demand to cipher m atching automatically to cut down the measuring attempt, subjectiveness and possible mistakes. This paper introduces a manner to calculate matching prosodies. Since yoke is the grade of interaction between categories, the basic thought underlying all matching prosodies is really simple: number how many interclass interactions there are in the system. Nevertheless there is considerable fluctuation depending on what counts as an interaction, how the numeration is done and how the sums are normalized. StRnutgtHOdegree Fahrenheitdegree CelsiussOUPLiNg Besides the figure of dependences, every dependence has a certain strength associated with it. The strength of a dependence indicates how interconnected these two categories are. A high value for strength means two categories use each otheraˆYs methods and/or types really often. As a consequence, take downing matching between two categories that are strongly coupled is more complex. The strength of yoke is influenced strongly by the manner two categories are coupled:GramOvitamin Dchlorineass– In this instance there is merely a individual category. Multiple categories are merged into one doing a individual category. This type of yoke is the strongest as all methods/properties of the category can be called. A god category will typically hold low coherence as unrelated categories are merged into one. Chlorineass–chlorineassBivitamin DangerNutmeg StateIONacubic decimeter– Two different categories which are dependent bi-directionally. This yoke is still really strong as a alteration in a individual category might ensue in a alteration to the other category. This type of matching is less strong compared to the god category as the communicating is re-strained to the public api ( application programming interface ) of the category. Chlorineass–chlorineassUNIdahoIRvitamin Edegree CelsiussTIONacubic decimeter– Two different categories with one category being dependent upon the other. This type of matching is less strong compared to the bidirectional yoke because lone alterations to the one category potentially alter functionality of a different category. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1225352.002.png"The undermentioned facets of a dependence besides affect the strength of yoke: NitrogenUmberOdegree Fahrenheitinteradegree CelsiussTION– Two categories that are coupled but the sum of yoke is minimum have a less strong yoke compared to two categories with a batch of interactions. Because the increased figure of interactions it becomes more complex to divide the two categories doing them coupled more strongly. This paper proposes a yoke metric which is based on interaction between category methods. The matrix developed utilizing the proposed attack can be used to find bidirectional or uni- directional interaction. Besides, this matrix can be easy verified through category diagram. II.STATE – OF- THE- Art Survey of the Troy and Zweben [ 2 ] on matching suggests that the yoke is one of the most important properties impacting the overall quality of the design. No by and large accepted metric exists for matching ; nevertheless, by and large, it is accepted that excessively much yoke in a design leads to increased system complexness [ 3 ] ; hence, high yoke is considered as unsought belongings. Following describes some of the known attempts that are made for mensurating yoke. Yourdon and Constantine define the yoke as a grade of mutuality between faculties [ 4 ] . Bansiya [ 5 ] besides defines matching as a dependence of an object on other objects in a design. He uses DCC ( Direct Class Coupling ) metric that counts the figure of categories that a category is straight related to. This metric includes the categories straight related by property declaration and message passing ( parameter list ) in methods. Chidamber and Kemmerer [ 6 ] have besides discussed the yoke in the context of OO paradigm, in their sentiment ; two categories are coupled ; if the method of one category uses any method or case of other category. CBO ( Matching between object categories ) prosodies counts the figure of conjugate categories. In CBO metric, a category is coupled to other category if it uses the method or property defined in other category. CBO gives insight into of import facets of package design. Excessive CBO does non advance reuse as an object relies excessively to a great extent on another to be reused independently. If inordinate yoke is found between objects it is advised to cut down the sum of matching through refactoring. If non, alterations to the conjugate objects in the hereafter could ensue in relationships being modified that are unexpected. Making mock objects to prove within the conjugate objects besides provides extra complexnesss between objects further increasing the boundlessly hard job of proving a system. You read "A New Design Based Software Coupling Metric" in category "Essay examples" However, CBO metric does non separate among different types of interactions between two categories. Briand et Al. [ 7 ] present a package metric suite which accounts for class-attribute, class- Montazeri [ 11 ] argue that matching between two categories should be multi-faceted instead than being a remarkable relation. In other words there should be many facets taken into history when mensurating the matching relationship between categories within a system. To capture the run-time analysis of matching which can alter because of the polymorphism – an array of dynamic matching prosodies have been proposed. Beszedes et Al. [ 12 ] proposed a Dynamic Function Coupling ( DFC ) metric to capture the propinquity of maps on the run-time stack to foretell change-proneness and impact sets. Hassoun et Al. [ 13 ] prove the construct of dynamic yoke and that it is so a new dimension of matching between objects within a run-time environment. They find that polymorphous systems demonstrate less matching overall compared to an indistinguishable system that does non utilize polymorphism. Arisholm [ 14 ] introduces a dynamic yoke suite to mensurate run-time behaviour of a system and happen similar consequences to Emam et Al. [ 15 ] in that the best prosodies among the suite were those that dealt with export. III.PROPOSED APPROACH Class yoke is calculated by mensurating the dependence relationships between methods of different categories considered. Depending on the maps calls made to methods of different category, we have came up with matching metric. Matching between categories is shown is signifier of matrix [ I ] [ J ] where I and J are both symbolic Numberss for categories. matrix [ I ] [ J ] = Number of times the „class iaˆY calls the maps of „class jaˆY . Using this matrix, we can besides cipher entire yoke as: method, and method-method relationships and show that there is correlativity between these matching measurings with fault- proneness. In add-on, they inject that the usage of friend within C++ ThymineOTacubic decimeterdegree CelsiussoupLiNgOdegree Fahrenheitadegree Celsiusscubic decimeterassIiˆ? Nitrogen i Jiˆ?1 maTRIten[I] [J] img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1225352.003.png"NitrogeniˆÂ ­1 where N is to can increase the fault-proneness of categories even more than other types of yoke. Binkley and Schach [ 8 ] propose a Yoke entire figure of categories. Besides, the mean yoke for a undertaking can be calculated as: Dependency Metric which measures alteration and fault-proneness at a finer grain compared to other prosodies that restrict their range to the category degree. Fenton and Pfleeger [ 9 ] recognize yoke as a pair-wise measuring of the faculties. They have discussed about Nitrogen img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1225352.004.png"AveRsilvervitamin Edegree CelsiussoupLiNgOdegree FahrenheitPROJEuropean UnionTiˆ? i Jiˆ?1 where N is entire figure of categories. degree CelsiussoupLiNgOdegree Fahrenheitacubic decimetercubic decimeterdegree Celsiusscubic decimeteraUS Secret Servicevitamin Es Nitrogen mensurating the yoke on ordinal graduated table and they have classified the yoke in six pair-wise faculty relationships on ordinal graduated table. To mensurate matching, an thought of set of categorization of pair-wise relationships between faculties x and Y is used ; get downing from relation R0, R1, R2 to Rn. Relationss are subscripted from the least dependent at the start and the most dependent at the terminal, so that Ri A ; gt ; Rj for I A ; gt ; j. Modules x and Ys are said to be the slackly conjugate if one value is someplace in the start ( near to zero ) and modules tens and Ys are said to be tightly coupled if one value is someplace in the terminal ( near to n ) . In [ 9 ] , they have non described their Model for mensurating matching in footings of OO paradigm. Most of OO prosodies to mensurate matching are the numeration prosodies, which counts the figure of times a category establishes an OO relationship with other category. Liu and Xu [ 10 ] have proposed an object-oriented metric suite that measures the magnitude of matching between categories and show that their suite offers a new dimension of measuring complementing other prosodies. Hitz and The elaborate model of the proposed metric calculation is shown in figure 1. The procedure of computation of this matrix and its confirmation can be divided into four stages: – Phase 1 purposes at developing the information constructions need for farther computations. The information constructions ( List ) developed aid in designation of methods, categories to which they belong and the bundles to which they belong. Phase 2 purposes at designation of tuple ( naming map, naming category, called map, called category ) for each map call made inside maps of a category In stage 3, the procedure of stage 2 is repeated for each category nowadays in undertaking.The matrix [ I ] [ J ] is developed in this stage In stage 4, the confirmation of consequence against category diagram is done by formalizing that each non-zero value in matrix implies a connexion between two matching categories. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1225352.005.png"/ Fig. 1.Framework of Proposed Approach IV.ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE There is a Java Project ‘Product Tree ‘ holding categories: Custom Dialog, Dynamic Tree, Dynamic Tree Product and Product. Class diagram of ‘Product Tree ‘ is shown in figure 2. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1225352.006.png"/ A.Phosphorushour anglesvitamin E1: LithiumsTvitamin Dvitamin EVELoperectile dysfunction 1 ) Classs along with their bundles: Fig. 2.Ccubic decimeterassDisilverRamOdegree Fahrenheit‘PhosphorusRoductTRvitamin Evitamin E ‘ GetProductText = Product, componentShown = CustomDialog, SetProduct = Product, GetProductType = Product, GetProduct=Product, main=DynamicTreeProduct, actionPerformed { Merchandise = prdtree, DynamicTree = prdtree, CustomDialog = prdtree, DynamicTreeProduct = prdtree } 2 ) List of method along with their categories: – { clearAndHide=CustomDialog, getHash=DynamicTree, windowClosing=CustomDialog, SetHashCode=Product, Product= Product, cretatAndShowGUI = DynamicTreeProduct, CustomDialog=CustomDialog, DynamicTree = DynamicTree, DremoveCurrentNode=DynamicTree, edit = DynamicTree, =DynamicTreeProduct, GetProductSymbol=Product, GetProductName = Product, getProduct = CustomDialog, GetHashCode=Product, DynamicTreeProduct=DynamicTreeProdu Nutmeg State, propertyChange = CustomDialog, addObject = DynamicTree } 3 ) List of get downing Lines Numberss of method inside category file: – { Merchandise = [ 9, 14, 17, 22, 25, 28, 31, 36, 39 ] , DynamicTree = [ 21, 36, 47, 56, 111, 125, 130 ] , CustomDialog = [ 30, 35, 78, 91, 104, 109, 171 ] , DynamicTreeProduct = [ 25, 54, 115, 130 ] } . Bacillus.Phosphorushour anglesvitamin E2: ThymineaKINgvitamin ExamPlupus erythematosusOdegree FahrenheitDysprosiumNamicTREE The map call to GetHashCode ( ) is found at the line figure 77,92 and these figure lies between 56 and 111 in list 3, therefore matching by sing the list 4 for Dynamic Tree, we can place the naming map – removeCurrent Node ( ) . Besides, utilizing List 2, we identify that GetHashCode ( ) belong to category Product. Hence, Called category, called map, naming category, naming map , no. of times call is Product, GetHashCode ( ) , DynamicTree, removeCurrentNode ( ) and 2 severally. C.Phosphorushour anglesvitamin E3:COUPLiNgMeteraTRnine img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1225352.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1225352.008.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1225352.007.png"The yoke matrix obtained for this undertaking is shown in tabular array I. Table I: Matching Matrix for ‘ProductTree ‘ TABLE II: Proposed Coupling and DIT For Different Undertakings PhosphorusROJvitamin ENutmeg State Avg. CalciferolInformation technology Avg. CouPLinanogram Kea 1.68 0.17 Anagram 3.75 0.42 Lamistra 1.33 0.16 JavaOperation 1.75 0.09 ProductTree 4.30 0.92 Besides a comparative graph is drawn to analyse the behaviour of proposed matching metric and DIT, as shown in Figure 3. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1225352.010.png"5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1225352.012.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1225352.011.png"0.00 Avg. DIT Avg. Matching img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1225352.013.png"n the first row the value 2 in cell ProductTree [ CustomDialog ] [ Product ] implies that Custom Dialog calls 2 maps of Product which are viz. ( as confirmed from codification ) – GetHashCode ( ) , GetProductSymbol ( ) . Other nothing values in the row implies that no map of other categories is used in Custom Dialog. D.Phosphorushour anglesvitamin E4:Volteridegree FahrenheitIntelligence CommunityaTiONAgaINsTdegree Celsiusscubic decimeterassvitamin DIsilverRamvitamin Echlorineassvitamin DIsilverRam As evident from the category diagram, 1.Class Custom Dialog is merely dependent on category Product, therefore verifying the non zero value in Product column and other nothing values in row 1. 2.Class DynamicTree is merely dependent on category Product, therefore verifying the values in row 2. 3.Class DynamicTreeProduct is dependent on CustomDialog, DynamicTree and Product which is besides implied from row 3. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1225352.014.png"4.Class Merchandise in non dependent on any of other categories therefore all zero value in row 4 are right. V. RESULTS AND COMPARITION ANASYSIS To analyse the truth of proposed metric, the norm of proposed yoke and Depth of Inheritance Tree ( DIT ) is computed and compared for five big size Java based Open Source Software ( OSS ) . Comparative consequences are shown in Table 2 PhosphorusRojedegree CelsiussTNitrogenamvitamin E Fig. 3.Comparative Graph for Avg. Proposed Coupling and Avg. DIT Figure 3 shows that proposed matching gives more accurate value of matching since it considers heritage relationship along with other dependences like association, generalisation while DIT merely considered the heritage relationship between the categories. VI.CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK In decision, the attack developed in this paper provides a manner to develop prosodies for matching at category degree. The metric can easy be verified through category diagram. The consequence can besides be used to analysis the undertaking and develop suggestion to better its yoke. The attack is developed into codification merely for Java undertakings. In future, we aim to develop the merchandise for other common linguistic communications like C # , C++ etc. Besides,calculation of matching at higher degrees, bundle degree will be done to demo how faculties of undertakings are dependent on each other. The constructs of polymorphism will be taken into consideration for future enterprises. VII. Reference [ 1 ] .W. Stevens, G. Myers, and L. Constantine. Structured design. IBM Systems Journal, 13 ( 2 ) :115-139, 1974. [ 2 ] . D.A. Troy and S.H. Zweben, â€Å" Measuring the Quality of Structured Designs, † Journal of Systems and Software, Vol. 2, No. 2, June 1981, pp. 113 – 120. [ 3 ] .Harrison R. , Counsell S. , Nithi R. , â€Å"Coupling prosodies for object- oriented design† , Journal: Software Metrics Symposium, Metrics 1998. Fifth International pages: 150-157, 1998. [ 4 ] .Yourdon, E and Constantine, L.L. , Structured design, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ,1979. [ 5 ] . J. Bansiya, â€Å"A Hierarchical Model for object- orientated Design Quality Assessment† IEEE Transaction on package technology, Vol.28, No.1, January 2002. [ 6 ] . S.R. Chidamber, C.F. Kemerer, Towards a prosodies suite for object-oriented design, Proceedings of the Conference on Object- Oriented Programming: Systems, Languages and Applications ( OOPSLA aˆY91 ) , 1991. [ 7 ] . Briand, L. , Devanbu, P. , Melo, W. : â€Å"An probe into matching steps for C++† , Proceedings of ICSE 1997, Boston, USA, 1997. [ 8 ] . B. Binkley and S. R. Schach. Validation of the yoke dependence metric as a forecaster of run-time failures and care steps. In Proceedings of the 1998 ( 20th ) International Conference on Software Engineering, pages 452- 455, Apr 1998. [ 9 ] . Norman E. Fenton, Shari Lawrence Pfleeger, â€Å"Software Prosodies: A Rigorous and Practical Approach† , PWS Publishing Company, 1998 [ 10 ] . D. Liu and S. Xu. New quality prosodies for object-oriented plans. In Eighth ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking, and Parallel/Distributed Computing, pages 870875, Jul 2007. [ 11 ] . M. Hitz and B. Montazeri. Measuring matching and coherence in object oriented systems. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Applied Corporate Computing, Monterrey, Mexico. , 1995. [ 12 ] . Beszedes, T. Gergely, S. Farago, T. Gyimothy, and F. Fischer. The dynamic map matching metric and its usage in package development. In CSMR ’07. 11th European Conference on Software Care and Reengineering, pages 103-112, Mar 2007 [ 13 ] . Y. Hassoun, S. Counsell, and R. Johnson. Dynamic matching metric: cogent evidence of construct. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 152 ( 6 ) :273-279, Dec 2005. [ 14 ] . E. Arisholm. Dynamic matching steps for object-oriented package. In Proceedings of the Eigth IEEE Symposium on Software Metrics, pages 33-42, Jun 2002 [ 15 ] . K. E. Emam, W. Melo, and J. C. Machado. The anticipation of faulty categories utilizing object-oriented design prosodies. Journal of Systems and Software, 56 ( 1 ) :63-75, Feb 2001 How to cite A New Design Based Software Coupling Metric, Essay examples