Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Essays (800 words) - Psychology

Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Essays (800 words) - Psychology Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Chapter 7, Thinking, Intelligence and Language Vocabulary, Key Terms Algorithms: Strategiesincluding formulas, instructions, and the testing of all possible solutionsthat guarantee a solution to a problem. Artificial intelligence (AI): A scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people. Availability heuristic: A prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imaging similar events. Base rate neglect: The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information. Cognition: The way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing. Concept: A mental category that is used to group objects, events, and characteristics. Confirmation bias: The tendency to search for and use information that supports one's ideas rather than refutes them. Convergent thinking: Thinking that produces the single best solution to a problem. Creativity: The ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems. Culture-fair tests: Intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased. Decision making: The mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them. Deductive reasoning: Reasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specific instance. Divergent thinking: Thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem. Fixation: Using a prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a fresh perspective. Functional fixedness: Failing to solve a problem as a result of fixation on a thing's usual functions. Gifted: Possessing high intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher) and/or superior talent in a particular area. Heritability: The proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by differences in the genes of the group members. Heuristics: Shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer. Hindsight bias: The tendency to report falsely after the fact, that one has accurately predicted an outcome. Inductive reasoning: Reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations. Intellectual disability: A condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life. Intelligence: All-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tests, to solve problems, and to learn from experience. Intelligence quotient (IQ): An individual's mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100. Loss aversion: The tendency to strongly prefer to avoid losses compared to attempting to acquire gains. Mental age (MA): An individual's level of mental development relative to that of others. Mindfulness: The state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities. Normal distribution: A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve, with a majority of test scores (or other data) falling in the middle of the possible range and few scores (or other data points) appear toward the extremes. Open-mindedness: The state of being receptive to other ways of looking at things. Problem solving: The mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available. Prototype model: A model emphasizing that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a "family resemblance" with that item's properties. Reasoning: The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions. Reliability: The extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance. Representativeness heuristic: The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information. Standardization: The development of uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, and the creation of norms (performance standards) for the test. Subgoal: Intermediate goals or problems to solve that put one in a better position for reaching a final goal or solution. Thinking: The process of manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decision, and reflecting critically or creatively. Triarchic theory of intelligence: Sternberg's theory that intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical. Validity: The soundness of the conclusions that a researcher draws from an experiment. In the realm of